{"id":5266,"date":"2025-11-14T07:50:37","date_gmt":"2025-11-14T00:50:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/?p=5266"},"modified":"2026-02-19T21:38:35","modified_gmt":"2026-02-19T14:38:35","slug":"nho-gon-va-chay-dien-xu-huong-quoc-te-roi-xa-suv-dong-co-dot-trong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/nho-gon-va-chay-dien-xu-huong-quoc-te-roi-xa-suv-dong-co-dot-trong\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng SUV ch\u1ea1y nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1t trong."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng xe \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n, sang c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn, chi ph\u00ed h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color has-background\"><strong>L\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb b\u00e1o c\u00e1o SMALL AND ELECTRIC &#8211; THE INTERNATIONAL CASE TO MOVE AWAY FROM COMBUSTION SUVS c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c GFEI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00f3m l\u1ef1\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf (EV) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p\u2014gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00e1o c\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2005. N\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xe c\u1ed9. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u0169ng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 SUV, mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n. Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac xe c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang xe SUV v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 mua xe trung b\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe m\u1edbi \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu nh\u1eadp cao v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9i xe c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd gi\u00e0 \u0111i. Ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u1eed cacbon. Vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i xe c\u0169<\/em><\/strong>. Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n cao h\u01a1n cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1edd quy m\u00f4 nh\u1edd xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/em><\/strong> Quy m\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, gi\u00fap thu h\u1eb9p ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro khi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 pin<\/em><\/strong>, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd h\u01a1n ngo\u00e0i Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1edd m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i km th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u<\/em><\/strong>, \u00edt c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n do hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p t\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb xe \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/em><\/strong>. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p so v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng, so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n xe \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf n\u1ebfu t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn ngu\u1ed3n cung kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, th\u00f4ng qua t\u00ednh tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n an to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9<\/em><\/strong> so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng sang xe SUV. Theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9i xe, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch an to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ecd n\u00ean:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>\u0110\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, thu\u1ebf, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd <\/em><\/strong>\u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng sang c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m thu\u1ebf ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n xe, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kinh t\u1ebf thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua \u00f4 t\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed7 xe ho\u1eb7c cho thu\u00ea x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n. Do gi\u00e1 mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p, xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng s\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng s\u1ea1c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 h\u01a1n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 pin nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a chi ph\u00ed c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng. Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p, n\u01a1i xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u1ede nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng do gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n ngu\u1ed3n cung<\/em><\/strong> (r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1) ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng (r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, <strong><em>h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 pin<\/em><\/strong>. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng \u2013 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vay v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n (n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf) \u2013 v\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 pin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 li\u00ean doanh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thu\u1ebf quan th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 qua ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n pin, v\u1edbi giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong ng\u00e0nh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u linh ho\u1ea1t, b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u1eddi c\u1ea3m \u01a1n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o: Elizabeth Connelly (C\u01a1 quan N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, IEA), Alexander Koerner (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, UNEP), Andreas Kopf (Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n Giao th\u00f4ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ITF), Renske Schuitmaker (UNEP), Dan Sperling (ITS-Davis) v\u00e0 Zifei Yang (H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Giao th\u00f4ng S\u1ea1ch, ICCT).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft \u01a1n Qu\u1ef9 FIA \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Sheila Watson, Diana Fauner v\u00e0 Kate Turner v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00ecnh 1 minh h\u1ecda doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn (g\u1ea7n 90%) th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2005 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2024. H\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ed5ng doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn chung \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2017-2018 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh COVID-19 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng sau \u0111\u00f3. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">H\u00ecnh 1. Doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, 2005-2024<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.33.01-1024x405.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5284\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.33.01-1024x405.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.33.01-300x119.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.33.01-768x304.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.33.01-1536x608.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.33.01-696x276.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.33.01-1068x423.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.33.01.png 1758w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd: Doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y (v\u00e0 trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n trong FIA Foundation, 2023<sup><strong>(1)<\/strong><\/sup>. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Khu v\u1ef1c Kinh t\u1ebf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (EEA) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 bao g\u1ed3m Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Canada nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Mexico, n\u1eb1m trong c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m v\u1edbi Brazil. T\u1ed5ng doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 90% t\u1ed5ng doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb Dejean v\u00e0 Kuhanathan, 2025 v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 85% t\u1ed5ng doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe do OICA chi\u1ebfm (d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean OICA, 2024), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n: \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean FIA Foundation, 2023, EEA, 2023, ACEA, 2022, IEA, 2024a, IEA, 2024b, Kuhanathan v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024, Dejean v\u00e0 Kuhanathan, 2025 v\u00e0 New Automotive, 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i \u2013 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u2013 \u0111ang th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 m\u1edbi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. \u1ede nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua \u00f4 t\u00f4 m\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eefng l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat. H\u00ecnh 1 cho th\u1ea5y doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh do \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">H\u00ecnh 2. S\u1ed1 \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, 2005-2024<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"794\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.36.40-1024x794.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.36.40-1024x794.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.36.40-300x233.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.36.40-768x596.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.36.40-696x540.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.36.40-1068x828.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.36.40.png 1470w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd: <strong>West Europe<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m \u00c1o, B\u1ec9, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a S\u00e9c, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, Iceland, Ireland, \u00dd, Luxembourg, Malta, H\u00e0 Lan, Na Uy, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, Slovakia, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. <strong>East Europe<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Khu v\u1ef1c Kinh t\u1ebf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf v\u00f9ng Balkan v\u00e0 Ukraine. <strong>Latin America<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam v\u00e0 Trung M\u1ef9 c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi Mexico. <strong>Central Asia <\/strong>bao g\u1ed3m Nga v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1. <strong>South East Asia<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (ASEAN). <strong>South Asia<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Afghanistan, Bangladesh v\u00e0 Pakistan. <strong>Sub-Saharan Africa<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m Maroc, Algeria, Ai C\u1eadp, Tunisia, Israel, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, T\u00fcrkiye, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh, Syria, Palestine, Libya v\u00e0 Jordan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: D\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb Tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 2024 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m Rozsai et al. 2024, ADB, 2024, ITF, 2024, IRF, 2024 v\u00e0 UNECE, 2025. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 kho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau bao g\u1ed3m Rozsai et al. 2024, ADB, 2024, ITF, 2024 v\u00e0 IRF, 2024.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19 sang m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ASEAN, cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n. Ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi so s\u00e1nh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (H\u00ecnh 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c, doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n \u00f4 t\u00f4 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng (Linn v\u00e0 Shen, 2021), ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn song song v\u00e0o giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft (Lu v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024 v\u00e0 Yan, 2022). S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u1eeba th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u00e0y nay Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung Qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfm 27% doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe du l\u1ecbch to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c (H\u00ecnh 1). B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong doanh s\u1ed1 LDV to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 73% n\u0103m 2000 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 38% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a \u0111ang c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n xe \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00ecnh 3 n\u00eau b\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u: s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng xe \u201c\u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a\u201d bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng pin \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n hybrid, plug-in hybrid v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y pin. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau trong hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n hybrid (HEV) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2010 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c sau n\u0103m 2020. Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y pin (BEV) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nhanh h\u01a1n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 pin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u00e1 r\u1ed1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (EV &#8211; bao g\u1ed3m BEV v\u00e0 PHEV) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2010 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua xe \u0111i\u1ec7n hybrid sau khi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19 t\u0103ng h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023 v\u00e0 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">H\u00ecnh 3. Doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh theo h\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, 2005-2024<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"374\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.49.24-1024x374.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.49.24-1024x374.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.49.24-300x110.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.49.24-768x281.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.49.24-696x254.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.49.24-1068x390.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-10.49.24.png 1450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean FIA Foundation, 2023, EEA, 2023, ACEA, 2022, IEA, 2024a, IEA, 2024b, Kuhanathan v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024, Dejean v\u00e0 Kuhanathan, 2025 v\u00e0 New Automotive, 2025<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00fa s\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong (ICE) trong n\u0103m 2017. Doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 \u201cthu\u1ea7n\u201d ICE li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2017 v\u00e0 doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb ICE (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 xe hybrid v\u00e0 plug-in hybrid) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n xe \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n xe \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng cao h\u01a1n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c; ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (bao g\u1ed3m V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh) v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u1edf Canada, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; v\u00e0 t\u0103ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c (H\u00ecnh 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">H\u00ecnh 4. Th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 theo h\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, 2005-2024, theo khu v\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.22.18-1024x542.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.22.18-1024x542.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.22.18-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.22.18-768x407.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.22.18-696x369.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.22.18-1068x566.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.22.18.png 1412w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean FIA Foundation, 2023, EEA, 2023, ACEA, 2022, IEA, 2024a, IEA, 2024b, Kuhanathan v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024, Dejean v\u00e0 Kuhanathan, 2025 v\u00e0 New Automotive, 2025<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb khi t\u1eadp trung m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o xe \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng (HEV). Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng HEV tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cao, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c. PHEV \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf EU, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2021, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a xe \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (EREV), m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a PHEV trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong (ICE) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c pin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 xe \u0111\u1ec1u t\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng khu v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m r\u00f2ng, c\u1ee7a doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac so v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng doanh s\u1ed1 xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 5), nh\u1edd bi\u00ean l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n \u1edf d\u00f2ng xe SUV so v\u1edbi xe c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba. (FIA Foundation, 2023, ITF, 2021 v\u00e0 IEA, 2019). Bi\u00ean l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n doanh s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u sang c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, n\u01a1i gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n xe nh\u00ecn chung th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2020 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2023, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 chip, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n xe. \u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khan hi\u1ebfm linh ki\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 chip, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1edbi bi\u00ean l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n (Caranalytics, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">H\u00ecnh 5. Doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u theo ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac, 2005-2024<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"391\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.25.22-1024x391.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.25.22-1024x391.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.25.22-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.25.22-768x293.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.25.22-696x266.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.25.22-1068x408.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.25.22.png 1178w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean FIA Foundation, 2023, EEA, 2023, ACEA, 2022, IEA, 2024a, IEA, 2024b, Kuhanathan v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024, Dejean v\u00e0 Kuhanathan, 2025, Marklines, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 New Automotive, 2025.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch sang nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c: vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e1i xe t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m&#8221; (SDV). \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt qua m\u1ea1ng (OTA), ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 g\u1ecdi xe, v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 (BCG, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00ecnh 6 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch sang nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c, SUV c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Canada v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bm\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a SUV c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 xe b\u00e1n t\u1ea3i) cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n SUV c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf xe l\u1edbn) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c.<sup><strong>(2)<\/strong><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thu\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u 25% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9,<sup><strong>(3)<\/strong><\/sup> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1964 \u2013 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do (FTA) v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3, bao g\u1ed3m Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Lan, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c <sup><strong>(4)<\/strong><\/sup>\u2014v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf 25% kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u00f4 t\u00f4 (Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng, 2025).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u Trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Doanh nghi\u1ec7p (CAFE) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 xe t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i h\u01a1n (H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c gia, 1992), v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u00edt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n xe t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9 trong doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 (LDV) \u1edf c\u1ea3 Canada v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ng\u1ea7m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3m tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc xe nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac xe c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao v\u1ec1 xe c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh (chi\u1ebfm 44% t\u1ed5ng doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 31% t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m Trung Qu\u1ed1c) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, xe c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm 84% t\u1ed5ng doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n ra tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 xe c\u1ee1 trung chi\u1ebfm 54%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">H\u00ecnh 6. Th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 theo ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, 2005-2024, theo khu v\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"557\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.33.57-1024x557.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.33.57-1024x557.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.33.57-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.33.57-768x418.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.33.57-696x379.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.33.57-1068x581.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.33.57.png 1206w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean FIA Foundation, 2023, EEA, 2023, ACEA, 2022, IEA, 2024a, IEA, 2024b, Kuhanathan v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024, Dejean v\u00e0 Kuhanathan, 2025 v\u00e0 New Automotive, 2025, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn (cho n\u0103m 2023\/24) s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n SUV d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m 2022 v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m 2023\/24.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb 3,5 tri\u1ec7u xe b\u00e1n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 7% doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3), l\u00ean g\u1ea7n 23 tri\u1ec7u xe b\u00e1n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024. Chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gia nh\u1eadp T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WTO) v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2001. \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp li\u00ean doanh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1edbi doanh s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2010 (cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19 x\u1ea3y ra), th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhu c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng cao trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u00f4 t\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng theo ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c (H\u00ecnh 6). S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Canada v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3), n\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng xe SUV c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m khi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<sup><strong>(5)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">H\u00ecnh 7. Xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u r\u00f2ng, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 ch\u00ednh, 2015-2024<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"757\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.36.23-1024x757.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.36.23-1024x757.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.36.23-300x222.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.36.23-768x567.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.36.23-485x360.png 485w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.36.23-696x514.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.36.23-1068x789.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-09-at-16.36.23.png 1172w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd: c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3 \u1edf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 EU-27 kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i kh\u1ed1i EU. Xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u r\u00f2ng l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u tr\u1eeb \u0111i nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1edfi Auto in China, 2023, ML trucks, 2025, Trading Economics, n.d.a, Trading economics n.d.b cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c; Eurostat, n.d. cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i EU, IER, 2024 cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t EU; AMIA, n.d.a, AMIA, n.d.b, AMIA, 2024 cho Mexico; JAMA, 2024, JAMA, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y, Wards, 2000 (k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t 9,5 tri\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t 9 tri\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2019); KAMA, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y, GlobalFleet, 2024 v\u00e0 Marklines, 2019 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c; v\u00e0 AAI, 2025 v\u00e0 C\u1ee5c D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef Li\u00ean bang, 2025 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u r\u00f2ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2020 th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u r\u00f2ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (H\u00ecnh 7). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020 v\u00e0 2021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u r\u00f2ng s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i sau c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh do \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch g\u00e2y ra, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u r\u00f2ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u2013 bao g\u1ed3m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Mexico \u2013 \u00edt b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u1edf EU\u2014m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (IER, 2024)\u2014v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 EU v\u00e0 M\u1ef9), cho th\u1ea5y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh ho\u1eb7c r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u00f4 t\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111ang m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edf cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u1ed1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1edd l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u1ed1n l\u1edbn nh\u1edd chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, nh\u1edd chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf theo quy m\u00f4, c\u0169ng do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp li\u00ean doanh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111a s\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u00edch th\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (Oh, 2021).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u0169ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng (Liu, 2020, Oh, 2021)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ban \u0111\u1ea7u, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng pin, th\u00f4ng qua quy m\u00f4, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c, gi\u00fap Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (H\u00ecnh 8). Doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a BEV v\u00e0 PHEV \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng doanh s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 m\u1edbi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 xe th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u1edf EU ho\u1eb7c Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>H\u00ecnh 8. Doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, 2005-2024<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"436\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-08.58.35-1024x436.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-08.58.35-1024x436.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-08.58.35-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-08.58.35-768x327.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-08.58.35-696x296.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-08.58.35-1068x454.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-08.58.35.png 1396w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n: \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean FIA Foundation, 2023, EEA, 2023, ACEA, 2022, IEA, 2024a, IEA, 2024b, Kuhanathan v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024, Dejean v\u00e0 Kuhanathan, 2025 v\u00e0 New Automotive, 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1n xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf (H\u00ecnh 9),<sup><strong>(6)<\/strong><\/sup> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 mua xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi gi\u00e1 ICEV (IEA, 2024).<sup><strong>(7)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>H\u00ecnh 9. Th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1n xe \u0111i\u1ec7n theo ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac xe t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m, 2022<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"343\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.01.06-1024x343.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5325\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.01.06-1024x343.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.01.06-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.01.06-768x257.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.01.06-696x233.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.01.06-1068x358.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.01.06.png 1450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n: Qu\u1ef9 FIA, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb xe \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p pin, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u01b0 CATL v\u00e0 BYD, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p pin n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u1ea3 nhu c\u1ea7u xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin lithium-ion \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u00edch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p pin n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i di \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 chung v\u1ec1 an ninh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf l\u00ean t\u1edbi 10% gi\u00e1 mua xe s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi (NEV)<sup><strong>(8)<\/strong><\/sup> l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2014. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 30.000 RMB v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2027, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2026 tr\u1edf \u0111i (Interesse, 2023, B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Trung Qu\u1ed1c, 2023).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u01afu \u0111\u00e3i mua xe \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p xe s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 2016, s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a pin, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (ICCT, 2021). C\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, th\u00f4ng qua NEV v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh N\u00f4ng th\u00f4n (ICCT, 2023) \u2013 tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023 (ICCT, 2023).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p, c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea5p hai v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ba nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh bang nh\u01b0 Singapore) m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 xe \u1edf c\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Vi\u1ec7c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i d\u00e0nh cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n xe \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y (ICCT, 2023).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi (NEV) tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2017 (ICCT, 2018), sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2021 (ICCT, 2021, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, 2021).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c gia (GB\/T) v\u1ec1 giao di\u1ec7n s\u1ea1c (h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i) v\u00e0 giao th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2001 (y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chung) v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2011 (b\u1ed9 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i) (T\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ty L\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, 2013). C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015 (Tridens, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn (IEC 61851 cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea1c EV d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 62196 cho giao di\u1ec7n s\u1ea1c EV: ph\u00edch c\u1eafm, \u1ed5 c\u1eafm, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i xe v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o xe). Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ISO 15118 v\u1ec1 giao th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013 <sup><strong>(9)<\/strong><\/sup>. B\u1ea3n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt n\u0103m 2023 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p b\u1ed9 gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i s\u1ea1c DC c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao ChaoJi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giao th\u1ee9c (CHADeMo, 2023). Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T v\u1ec1 ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i pin c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2021 (Ibold, 2022).<sup><strong>(10)<\/strong><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i pin tr\u00ean \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 xe t\u1ea3i (Ibold, 2022, ICCT, 2023).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Thu\u1ebf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf carbon th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cao h\u01a1n Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc EU (OECD, 2023). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n EU, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 (OECD, 2023), t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 pin trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (ICCT, 2021, Oh, 2021, Jiang v\u00e0 Xu, 2023). Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh ch\u00f3ng tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5m pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, tua-bin gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Trung Qu\u1ed1c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, bao g\u1ed3m IEC v\u00e0 ISO. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea1c xe \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, nh\u1edd l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf theo quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, bao g\u1ed3m T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u00f4 t\u00f4. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 H\u00e0i h\u00f2a h\u00f3a c\u00e1c Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 Xe c\u1ed9 (WP.29). S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1998, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u0103m 1958 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1eabn nhau v\u1ec1 ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t ki\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u0103m 1958, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u00f4 t\u00f4, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp theo Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u0103m 1958, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp theo Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho EV m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho ICEV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ebf v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u pin v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trung gian (Box 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>Box 1. S\u1ef1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 cho pin nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\">S\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (EV) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 pin c\u0169ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p khai kho\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n cung nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Tesla (Pistilli, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\">V\u1ecb th\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 cho pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 qua t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin v\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c (H\u00ecnh 10).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\">C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho vi\u1ec7c mua l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ecf hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 mua bao g\u1ed3m lithium, coban v\u00e0 niken &#8211; nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng cho pin lithium-ion. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c gi\u00e0u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 Ch\u00e2u Phi, Nam M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u00dac. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Trung Qu\u1ed1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng coban \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo (DRC) (Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 2021). T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t lithium t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Chile v\u00e0 Argentina th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c li\u00ean doanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (Licata, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong><em>H\u00ecnh 10. Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u EV, 2024<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"323\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.18.41-1024x323.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.18.41-1024x323.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.18.41-300x95.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.18.41-768x242.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.18.41-696x220.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.18.41-1068x337.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-09.18.41.png 1452w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\">L\u01b0u \u00fd: Liti, Niniken, Cocoban, Mnmangan, Phphotphat v\u00e0 Grgraphit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\">Ngu\u1ed3n: IEA, 2025a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p Creative Commons Ghi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 4.0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\">S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf pin, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n cung pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan (Cheng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024). C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin lithium-ion m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 tinh ch\u1ebf coban v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn niken (IEA, 2025a, IEA, 2021, IEA, 2022, IEA, 2024c, Deberdt v\u00e0 Di Carlo, 2024). V\u1ec1 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf pin, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i EU v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p 5 l\u1ea7n (CAS v\u00e0 Deloitte, 2025). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m so v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lithium v\u00e0 niken v\u00e0 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi coban (Wesselk\u00e4mper et al., 2024, IEA, 2024c v\u00e0 Deberdt v\u00e0 Di Carlo, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp m\u00e0 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 then ch\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, khi Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u r\u00f2ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gia d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c (OEC, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u00e0y trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd pin, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i xe v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 l\u00e1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c OEM Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Hi\u1ec7n nay, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo sau trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, n\u01a1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 (ITIF, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Trung Qu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u01b0 BYD l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 pin ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o xe c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi tham gia th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi tham gia, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe \u0111i\u1ec7n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u2013 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u2013 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi tham gia \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u1ea5t th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4, v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o R&amp;D, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (\u1ee6y ban Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Chung, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>B\u1ea3ng 1. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi tham gia v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color has-background\"><strong>Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p pin<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color has-background\"><strong>Nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u pin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ICEV, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1eaft v\u00e0 th\u00e9p, nh\u00f4m, cao su, th\u1ee7y tinh v\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a. Chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin EV bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc: khai th\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t linh ki\u1ec7n pin (cathode, anode, ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n). Vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed pin EV, sau khi lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a (BNEF, 2024). Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u201cnh\u00e0 m\u00e1y kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3<br>gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a Tesla v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n<br>ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf pin m\u1edbi \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 pin phi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a BYD, t\u0103ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 lithium s\u1eaft phosphate, r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n cung kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00edch h\u1ee3p theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc trong chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin (Naor v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2021, Qu, 2023), v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c li\u00ean doanh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin (Gulati v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2023), v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1eadp trung v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n (IEA, 2024d) cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<br>c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-background\"><strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac xe<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-background\">Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf xe \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u00ednh m\u00f4-\u0111un (Luccarelli v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2013, Sun v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024), b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 (Murmann, 2023). Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf BEV \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2y d\u1eabn nh\u1edd d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ea1c nhanh h\u01a1n (Aghabali v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024). Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac v\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t cho ph\u00e9p xe \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 pin l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong (ICE), m\u1edf ra c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p><strong>Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00fac khu\u00f4n \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac xe l\u1edbn li\u1ec1n kh\u1ed1i, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u h\u00e0n (Yang v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2025).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-background\"><strong>Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-background\">Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 xe s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ADAS l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n cung ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng (Morgan Stanley, 2024), v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh cho c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p pin).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p><strong>T\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n trong to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n (Hofmann v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2017). Th\u00f4ng qua b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng (D2C), ch\u00fang c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed h\u1ea1 ngu\u1ed3n trong ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4 (Levin v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi gia nh\u1eadp th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a xe h\u01a1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ed1, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhu c\u1ea7u, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho doanh thu t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp chi ph\u00ed c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi tham gia th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4<sup><strong>(11)<\/strong><\/sup>. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u1ed3i chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u0103ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e1i xe ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac cao c\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 (kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi gia t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3), n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng do ngu\u1ed3n cung th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe c\u00f3 bi\u00ean l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm bi\u00ean l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi r\u1ee7i ro m\u1ea5t th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 xe tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 BYD v\u00e0 CATL, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi gia nh\u1eadp th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Tesla, n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 bi\u00ean l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u cao c\u1ea5p \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi doanh s\u1ed1, doanh thu, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u0103ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u0103ng v\u1ed1n h\u00f3a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2022\/23 (Companiesmartketcap, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng).<sup><strong>(12)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">An to\u00e0n giao th\u00f4ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n sang c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0m \u00fd li\u00ean quan t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n giao th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 \u1edf B\u1ec9 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2017 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2021 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean xe n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n 300 kg so v\u1edbi xe kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng \u00edt h\u01a1n 30% v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eed vong th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 va ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa hai xe (H\u00ecnh 11). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean xe b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t xe n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n 300 kg so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng cao h\u01a1n 37% v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eed vong cao h\u01a1n 75% (Nuyttens v\u00e0 Ben Messaoud, 2023). Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i: \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n 300 kg so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 1,4 t\u1ea5n (th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 1,5 t\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a B\u1ec9 trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u0103m 2021), nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 t\u1eed vong t\u0103ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 7% v\u00e0 28%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy c\u01a1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn xe c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean xe b\u1ecb xe c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 50 kW so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh (kho\u1ea3ng 100 kW, t\u1ea1i B\u1ec9, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u0103m 2021) \u0111\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng cao h\u01a1n 50% v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eed vong cao h\u01a1n 125%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chi\u1ec1u cao mui xe cao h\u01a1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong do th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch cao h\u01a1n 25% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xe c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao mui xe v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh 80 cm l\u00e0 10 cm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>H\u00ecnh 11. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao n\u1eafp capo \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tai n\u1ea1n<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"352\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-12.51.03-1024x352.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-12.51.03-1024x352.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-12.51.03-300x103.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-12.51.03-768x264.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-12.51.03-696x239.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-12.51.03-1068x367.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-12.51.03.png 1430w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb Nuyttens v\u00e0 Ben Messaoud, 2023<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chi\u1ec1u cao mui xe l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a xe SUV v\u00e0 xe b\u00e1n t\u1ea3i. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i xe n\u00e0y ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n nguy c\u01a1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c t\u1eed vong cao h\u01a1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i trong xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia giao th\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (Simms v\u00e0 O\u2019Neill, 2006) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m (Anderson v\u00e0 Auffhammer, 2011, Jehle v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2021, Edwards v\u00e0 Leonard, 2022, IIHS, 2022, RTZ\/NSC, 2024, Tyndall, 2024). Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Canada (Joncas, 2024) v\u00e0 \u00dac (Newstead v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024), nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng &#8211; gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 &#8211; b\u1edfi th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t cao c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng xe SUV c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nguy c\u01a1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean xe kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi EV, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ICEV c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n (AP, 2023). M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c EV tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 B\u1ec9 v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 tai n\u1ea1n<sup><strong>(13)<\/strong><\/sup> v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<sup><strong>(14)<\/strong><\/sup> khi chuy\u1ec3n sang EV (Feys v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2025). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia giao th\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u1eb7p tai n\u1ea1n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n (ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi EV.<sup><strong>(15)<\/strong><\/sup> Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang EV kh\u00f4ng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc xe, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m an to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9. Vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd k\u00e9o theo vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ICE sang pin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba, tr\u1eeb khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tai n\u1ea1n v\u1edbi EV c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc xe kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi an to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u00ecnh 12 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng kWh\/km) v\u00e0 hai thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n: tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (tr\u00e1i) v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n (ph\u1ea3i). D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa xe \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong (ICEV), xe \u0111i\u1ec7n hybrid (HEV) v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y pin (BEV). C\u1ea3 hai bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u0103ng theo tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc xe, v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ICEV v\u00e0 HEV. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00e0y trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>H\u00ecnh 12. M\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i km theo tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ICEV, HEV v\u00e0 BEV<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"445\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.10.18-1024x445.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5373\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.10.18-1024x445.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.10.18-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.10.18-768x334.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.10.18-696x302.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.10.18-1068x464.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.10.18.png 1450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>107&nbsp;\/&nbsp;5.000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong Cazzola v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2023<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ICE b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, BEV, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phanh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u00edt b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u0169ng gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch GHG n\u00e0y \u00edt r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch (Bieker, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc xe v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u00ecnh 13 minh h\u1ecda r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 xe SUV, c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u kim lo\u1ea1i, nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y BEV \u2013 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u00f4 t\u00f4 hay SUV \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cao nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u pin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>H\u00ecnh 13. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 SUV, tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, theo lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"367\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.12.08-1024x367.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.12.08-1024x367.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.12.08-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.12.08-768x275.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.12.08-696x249.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.12.08-1068x383.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-13.12.08.png 1468w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n 2024 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh R&amp;D GREET (ANL, 2024). H\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc SUV c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 nh\u01b0 trong H\u00ecnh 12 \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 2 t\u1ea5n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u00f4 t\u00f4 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1edd chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ed1t. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (H\u1ed9p 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung cao v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng cho pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u00eau b\u1eadt t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a xe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ec xe SUV c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n xe c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba, c\u00f2n xe SUV c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n xe c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (IEA, 2019) \u2013 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 xe. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu chi ph\u00ed n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u1edd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi xe s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong (ICEV). V\u1edbi \u00edt b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed s\u1edf h\u1eefu (TCO) so v\u1edbi ICEV, \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (Carello, 2024, Horesh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024, ERIA, 2023, IEA, 2024)<sup><strong>(16)<\/strong><\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed tr\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cao h\u01a1n \u2013 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng pin c\u00f3 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 TCO c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n do chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n cao h\u01a1n, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh chi ph\u00ed s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (Swiss Re, 2024), m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng g\u00e2y ra \u00edt thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c (GDV, 2023). M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a TCO c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb thu\u1ebf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3. Khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o doanh thu t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n), y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u1ee3i \u00edch TCO d\u00e0nh cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<sup><strong>(17)<\/strong><\/sup>. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m nhanh h\u01a1n xe ICE, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn TCO. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n (IEA, 2024a). Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 pin ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (Turrentine v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2018; Chakraborty v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a BEV, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, \u00edt carbon, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ebd v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean (Chakraborty v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024). Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Renault cho th\u1ea5y xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 ch\u1ea1y \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 xe c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n (Verhelle, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf EV TCO c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cao, v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ea5u hao ph\u1ea7n b\u00f9 gi\u00e1 mua nhanh h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 thu h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e1i xe trung b\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf TCO n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 mua ch\u00fang l\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u2013 n\u01a1i v\u1eabn cung c\u1ea5p m\u1eabu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n (Sery v\u00e0 Le Marois, 2024, FIA Foundation, 2023). R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n chi ph\u00ed tr\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed vay cao, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chi ph\u00ed pin gi\u1ea3m d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed pin v\u1eabn b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf (BNEF, 2024).<br>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc pin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed tr\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hai xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u2013 t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4 t\u00f4. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed mua xe (trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xe \u0111i\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh (trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xe SUV), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a xe v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u1eef xe c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e2u h\u01a1n (Jacobsen v\u00e0 Benthem, 2015; Bento v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2018; Greene v\u00e0 Leard, 2024). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a xe t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m quy m\u00f4 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 m\u1edbi. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i xe tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong H\u00ecnh 14 cho th\u1ea5y tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi xe t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u qua c\u00e1c n\u0103m, t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c sau n\u0103m 2010, khi th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n SUV c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>H\u00ecnh 14. Tu\u1ed5i ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i t\u1ed3n kho xe trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"347\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.29.16-1024x347.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.29.16-1024x347.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.29.16-300x102.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.29.16-768x260.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.29.16-696x236.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.29.16-1068x361.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.29.16.png 1436w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u trung b\u00ecnh: Autoalan Tiedotuskeskus, n.d. cho Ph\u1ea7n Lan, CE Monitor, n.d. cho B\u1ec9, Minist\u00e8re de la transition \u00e9cologique, 2025, ORD&amp;EC, 2022, ORD&amp;EC, 2021, Extenso Innovation Croissance, 2021, Deloitte D\u00e9veloppement B\u1ec1n, 2019, Henry, 2022, Murati, 2018 v\u00e0 ORDIF, 2014 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Greene v\u00e0 Leard, 2024 (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 SUV) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3. Ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh: EEA, 2025, ACEA, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2019, 2018 v\u00e0 2017 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, S&amp;P Global, 2025 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i r\u1ee7i ro ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia coi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n do c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 \u200b\u200br\u00e0ng do \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u00f4 t\u00f4, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn (m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9) v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 b\u1ecb tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n (King v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2021, Chakraborty, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u1edf EU, M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, khi h\u1ecd \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 pin tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (do thua l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c), m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf EU \u2013 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 do nhu c\u1ea7u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c chi ph\u00ed n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gia t\u0103ng, sau di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c Nga x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Ukraine (Draghi, 2024).<sup><strong>(18)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1edbn n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chi ph\u00ed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gia t\u0103ng cho b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u1ea3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean quan c\u0169ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c g\u00f3i k\u00edch th\u00edch \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng (tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n chu k\u1ef3), m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ea1c xe \u0111i\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u00e0nh cho b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u1ede B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i NACS v\u00e0 CCS 1. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a CCS 1 c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 110 Volt cho \u0111i\u1ec7n gia d\u1ee5ng \u2013 nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i ChaDeMo. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i CCS 2, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ea1c DC v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i h\u1ea1 \u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p 220 V, d\u00f9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec7n ba pha. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c d\u00e0nh cho xe c\u1ed9, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i GB\/T ri\u00eang. Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng s\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh, thay v\u00ec h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea1nh tranh trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t (nh\u01b0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho c\u00e1c g\u00f3i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3m l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 trong g\u00f3i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19 c\u1ee7a EU (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i NextGenerationEU, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng n\u1ee3 chung), Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn xanh (bao g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh) v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn xanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn di \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u1edf EU v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua (Draghi, 2024, von der Leyen 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (v\u00e0 \u2013 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2013 nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh suy gi\u1ea3m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng19). H\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh chi ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean doanh), v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. T\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf theo quy m\u00f4, ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1ecf ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c1p l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng th\u00eam v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (nh\u01b0 trong H\u00ecnh 7), m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u00e0y nay, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 (v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe \u0111i\u1ec7n) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gay g\u1eaft v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 (Reuters, 2025; Bloomberg, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 an ninh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 (\u1ee6y ban Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: DG Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4, v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c trong khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0o xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0o s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ee7i ro, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi giao th\u00f4ng, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f3i chung. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda cung, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecdc theo chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u1ea7u, \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n sang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o t\u0103ng l\u00ean tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 pin \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch (Bauerle Danzman, 2024). \u0110a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u0169ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00ec l\u00fd do kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u00edt carbon, chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n ngu\u1ed3n cung do c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 an ninh trong chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin EV c\u0169ng c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Kashyap, 2024), v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u2013 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u than ch\u00ec sang Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n (The Economist, 2023, Bj\u00f6rling, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a pin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (Bauerle Danzman, 2024). S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n cung t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y Hoa K\u1ef3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u2013 ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 25% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018 (Swanson, 2018), sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 100% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024 (Associated Press, 2024), v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng th\u00eam 25% (Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng, 2025) c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf bi\u1ec7n minh cho quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y pin m\u1edbi nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0o EU (Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ee5ng, bao g\u1ed3m pin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o (Baskaran v\u00e0 Schwartz, 2024). M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p than ch\u00ec, lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. R\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a thu\u1ebf quan \u0103n mi\u1ebfng tr\u1ea3 mi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 leo thang th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 (Liu v\u00e0 Patton, 2023), ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2020, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u than ch\u00ec c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed cho c\u00f4ng ty Northvolt c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u2013 c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n xin ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2025 (Northvolt, 2025) \u2013 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty (Nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, 2023). Th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i cho n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thao t\u00fang (gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng) gi\u00e1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc trong chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (Toman v\u00e0 Gayatri Kannan, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y k\u00eau g\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a ngu\u1ed3n cung trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (Bauerle Danzman, 2024). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean thu\u1ebf quan th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng thu\u1ebf n\u00e0y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang. Chi ph\u00ed v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe \u0111i\u1ec7n cao h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong gi\u00e1 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (Toman v\u00e0 Gayatri Kannan, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t quy m\u00f4 t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed v\u1ed1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro kinh t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan (Toman v\u00e0 Gayatri Kannan, 2025). Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nhu c\u1ea7u, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed nh\u1edd quy m\u00f4 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cho ph\u00e9p \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec, t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf (\u1ee6y ban Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: DG Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">K\u00eanh chuy\u00ean mua b\u00e1n xe c\u0169 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf \u00f4 t\u00f4 m\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe c\u0169 (ITF, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n cung xe \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u xe \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2019. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2019, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p xe c\u0169 l\u1edbn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (H\u00ecnh 15). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay th\u1ebf, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n xe \u0111i\u1ec7n trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ebb h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng cho c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb kh\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (GB\/T) so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (CCS) ho\u1eb7c B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 (ChaDeMo). S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n xe to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00ec xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>H\u00ecnh 15. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u xe \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo khu v\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1010\" height=\"638\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.51.26.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5391\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.51.26.png 1010w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.51.26-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.51.26-768x485.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-11-at-16.51.26-696x440.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1010px) 100vw, 1010px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n: ITF, 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u r\u00f2ng d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ea7u, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u00e1n c\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qua c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf Ethiopia, khi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u xe c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong (C\u1ee5c Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3, 2024, Mengiste, 2025). D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n xe c\u0169 \u2013 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 c\u0169ng \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf Trung \u00c1, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Khorgos Gateway, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3ng c\u1ea1n n\u1eb1m \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Kazakhstan\/Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n h\u01a1n 400 ngh\u00ecn xe v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024 (g\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 100 ngh\u00ecn xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023) (Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Kinh doanh, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, r\u1ebb h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang EV<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a ngu\u1ed3n cung, tr\u00e1nh xa d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf. Tr\u1eeb \u0111i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc xe v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb xe \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (Chang v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2023) v\u00e0 kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh (Bieker, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 an ninh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u1edd chi ph\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec7n carbon th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (do chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p), qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, cho c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan trong ng\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1ed5 sung (Heid v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024, CEM, 2022 v\u00e0 Hildemeier v\u00e0 Kolokathis, 2019). Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh\/doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1edf h\u1eefu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf quy m\u00f4 kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4, v\u00ec &#8211; v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian &#8211; vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n doanh thu thay th\u1ebf &#8211; bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (Guille v\u00e0 Gross, 2009) &#8211; c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhu c\u1ea7u xe \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n (Daina v\u00e0 Suel, 2023, Burger, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (EV) tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u (nh\u01b0 xe taxi v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chia s\u1ebb xe) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n v\u1ed1n cho m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 mua ban \u0111\u1ea7u cao c\u1ee7a xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a pin. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a h\u01a1n n\u1eefa sang c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o, nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed mua xe, r\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng h\u01a1n.<sup><strong>(20)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00ednh tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n (trong khi ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i ngu\u1ed3n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf r\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t khi gi\u00e1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch cao v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o r\u1ebb v\u00e0 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a nh\u00f4m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f4m th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p (v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00f4m t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf) th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u00f4m nguy\u00ean sinh.<sup><strong>(21)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed pin gi\u1ea3m nh\u1edd h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111i\u1ec7n, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m TCO, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (EV) \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i carbon v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin EV. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 carbon th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p so v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c (n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin EV). N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n nh\u1edd c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 carbon th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 th\u00e9p t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf.<br>Opportunities (and risks) from small PHEVs and\/or EREVs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opportunities (and risks) from small PHEVs and\/or EREVs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o xe \u0111i\u1ec7n lai (PHEV) &#8211; bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (EREV), v\u1edbi doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u0103ng nhanh t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n (Ramsay, 2024), nh\u01b0ng t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (IEA, 2025b) &#8211; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c do nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y, PHEV c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<sup><strong>(22)<\/strong><\/sup> H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1eb1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eafn &#8211; th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi 65 km, tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac h\u01a1n (Bricka v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024, B\u1ed9 Giao th\u00f4ng V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, 2025 v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2022, Gupta, 2018, Qu v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2019). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 PHEV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi pin c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i &#8211; \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u l\u00e1i xe h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi BEV th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb &#8211; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0m d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean), PHEV c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u carbon trong giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, thay th\u1ebf ICEV \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang EV to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. PHEV (v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c EREV) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n sang BEV, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng PHEV trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a PHEV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00ecnh 16 cho th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (khu v\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean xe kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3 thi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c). H\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, PHEV kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. 23 Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a PHEV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2022 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 300% (\u1ee6y ban Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, 2024, EEA, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y). T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong PHEV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 40% so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t ki\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i (Pl\u00f6tz v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2021), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t ki\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023 (Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>H\u00ecnh 16. H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m so v\u1edbi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i EU \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ICE, HEV, PHEV v\u00e0 BEV (2022)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-07.54.07-1024x360.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-07.54.07-1024x360.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-07.54.07-300x106.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-07.54.07-768x270.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-07.54.07-696x245.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-07.54.07-1068x376.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-07.54.07.png 1466w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd: m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u00e0nh cho n\u0103m 2022, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo n\u0103m gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2021 v\u00e0 2022 (c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ngu\u1ed3n) l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf: do \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: EEA, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a PHEV (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 EREV), ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c PHEV b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 l\u1ea7n m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u theo \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a NEDC,<sup><strong>(24)<\/strong><\/sup> cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 trong th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u1edf EU (Deng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ea1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a PHEV t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a PHEV th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 25% \u0111\u1ebfn 50% so v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m (Hao v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2021, Pl\u00f6tz v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o xe PHEV t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Isenstadt v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2022) v\u00e0 Hamza v\u00e0 Laberteaux (2024) cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c h\u1ebft trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec7n \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i EU tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103m 2023. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u00edt r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi EU. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe PHEV (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 EREV) c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng do vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn s\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec7n \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng nh\u00e3n d\u00e1n c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 (US EPA, 2024), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Hamza v\u00e0 Laberteaux, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn PHEV xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9p &#8211; v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong (ICE) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n &#8211; l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng PHEV v\u00e0 EREV ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe l\u1edbn, n\u1eb7ng, trong ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao c\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf (IEA, 2025b).<sup><strong>(25)<\/strong><\/sup> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi PHEV nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p di chuy\u1ec3n \u00edt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu BEV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 t\u0103ng cao trong ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4 sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch sang xe SUV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi chi ph\u00ed mua xe \u0111i\u1ec7n cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch (ICEV) do chi ph\u00ed pin cao (m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch quan t\u00e2m), nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed pin c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch (BEV) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf (IEA, 2024a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gi\u1ea3m th\u00eam l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 xe trung b\u00ecnh, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc xe c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn &#8211; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i xe, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng xe c\u0169, g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n26 &#8211; vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf xe, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i GHG trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi (v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i &#8220;b\u1ecb kh\u00f3a&#8221;) t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ICEV c\u0169.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i GHG trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ICEV, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin (Bieker, 2021), vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 c\u00e1c EV nh\u1ecf (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9i xe nhanh h\u01a1n) s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i th\u00eam kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m so v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i GHG t\u1eeb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i GHG\/km \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ICEV hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed nh\u1edd quy m\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh h\u01a1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9i xe, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh (nh\u1edd chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n) trong chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng \u00f4 t\u00f4, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin, cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng s\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1ee7i ro m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (ICEV). \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 nh\u01b0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (BEV), vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1edbi, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (ILO, 2021, Tamba v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2022, OECD, 2024a).<sup><strong>(27)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nhanh h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf (so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (ICEV) l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u1ede c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00e3o h\u00f2a s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0o quy m\u00f4 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i chung.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1ede c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xe m\u1edbi, khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u00f4 t\u00f4 t\u0103ng l\u00ean sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a.<sup><strong>(28)<\/strong><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pin (v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3), vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a ngu\u1ed3n cung xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf quan th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd) so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng cho ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4. L\u00fd do n\u1eb1m \u1edf nguy c\u01a1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n (kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mua h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thay th\u1ebf r\u1ebb h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (EV) c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1edf m\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t \u00e1p thu\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (EV) c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang M\u1ef9 \u0111ang \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, do s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb M\u1ef9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1ebd ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i), vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e2u m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 xe v\u00e0 pin h\u1ebft v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi (Qu\u1ef9 FIA, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 an ninh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u d\u1ea7u r\u00f2ng l\u1edbn, c\u1ea3 xe nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u00fa s\u1ed1c gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch an ninh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ea5y d\u1ea7u l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u1ed1n d\u0129 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (ICEV).<sup><strong>(29)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 an ninh t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u0103ng khi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ea7n pin nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n (H\u00ecnh 17). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u00edt t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean pin h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung tri\u1ec3n khai xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 t\u1ea3i cao, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 xe bu\u00fdt \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>H\u00ecnh 17. Dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin trung b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"365\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-08.15.43-1024x365.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-08.15.43-1024x365.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-08.15.43-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-08.15.43-768x274.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-08.15.43-696x248.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-08.15.43-1068x381.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-13-at-08.15.43.png 1458w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: Ph\u1ea1m vi pin n\u0103m 2023 t\u1eeb IEA, 2025b v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i km cho BEV c\u00f3 trong Cazzola et al., 2023.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ngu\u1ed3n cung v\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn trong chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi r\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn cho vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, v\u00ec tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. Lo\u1ea1i quan s\u00e1t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t theo g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p pin EV v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (thay v\u00ec hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean), c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i EV nh\u1ecf &#8211; nh\u01b0 pin d\u00f9ng tr\u00ean xe bu\u00fdt &#8211; c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n EV t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n, thay v\u00ec t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 SUV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i an ninh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec l\u00fd do chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, do t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4, pin v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (\u1ee6y ban Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n an to\u00e0n giao th\u00f4ng, v\u00ec kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a xe SUV (b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00e0o) c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tai n\u1ea1n, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia giao th\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng: ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe trong v\u00e0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (BEV), v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe (theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i), so v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch (ICEV), do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o pin (nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 13, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a xe sedan v\u00e0 SUV t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (ICEV) l\u1edbn sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cam k\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cam k\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft, \u1edf quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i kinh t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<sup><strong>(30)<\/strong><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 an ninh, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Do thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd gia t\u0103ng. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1nh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf xe d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn doanh s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh trung v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c cho c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi nguy c\u01a1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00e3o h\u00f2a s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a xe t\u0103ng s\u1ebd h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai xe \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac cao c\u1ea5p, thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n r\u00f2ng cao h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t \u0111i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c &#8211; bao g\u1ed3m Brazil, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Mexico v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c trong khu v\u1ef1c ASEAN &#8211; c\u0169ng \u0111ang g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n do s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 trong vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai xe \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng so v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Khi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch (ICEEV). Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u00edt ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu r\u1ee7i ro b\u00e3o h\u00f2a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb chi ph\u00ed v\u1ed1n cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho an to\u00e0n giao th\u00f4ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (ICEV) l\u1edbn), nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u gi\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh (nh\u1edd chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n) v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i kinh t\u1ebf, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, an ninh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. V\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb xe SUV sang c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 &#8211; v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 FIA n\u0103m 2023, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau b\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe (Qu\u1ef9 FIA, 2023). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a h\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pin v\u00e0 (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n) xe \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb xe \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn, n\u1eb7ng (ICEV) sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf (EV).<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 thu\u1ebf ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bao tr\u00f9m h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 xe t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 xe c\u00f4ng ty.<sup><strong>(31)<\/strong><\/sup> C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh cho thu\u00ea x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (IDDRI v\u00e0 T&amp;E, 2023), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 carbon ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn xe \u0111i\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf, b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o thu\u1ebf xe ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhu c\u1ea7u b\u00e1n xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf xe, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Qu\u1ef9 FIA, 2023) v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ea3 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c (ITF, 2023). Thu\u1ebf ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u xe \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, New Zealand v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c &#8211; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1edf T\u00e2y Balkan v\u00e0 Trung \u00c1 &#8211; nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n xe c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e0i kh\u00f3a nh\u01b0 thu\u1ebf l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n theo tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi xe, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (ICEV) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i xe nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn xe s\u1ea1ch cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 cho vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn di chuy\u1ec3n thay th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, tham v\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed9i xe c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. <sup><strong>(32)<\/strong><\/sup> M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i xe c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1eeb n\u0103m 2019 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c (Feizt, 2025, Adam, 2024, Leseul v\u00e0 Fievet, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a xe, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh thu h\u1ed3i v\u1ed1n (SIDBI, 2024), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, gi\u00fap ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. C\u00e1c b\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: th\u00f4ng qua khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho thu\u00ea), c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua \u0111\u1ed9i xe doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 thu\u1ebf, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n xe v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n, thay v\u00ec tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0m ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i CO2 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3m tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 (FIA Foundation, 2023). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u00edt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n &#8211; nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 (NHTSA, 2024) v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, 2023). Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n (nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 12) cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n\/n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o xe \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ngu\u1ed3n cung xe \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 xe m\u1edbi v\u00e0 xe \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (Qu\u1ef9 FIA, 2023). C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho xe \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc pin, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng song song v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (Qu\u1ef9 FIA, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0a xe \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xe c\u0169 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (Climate Group, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng). Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng s\u1ea1c xe \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (nh\u1edd t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cao h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u xe \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u01a1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed5 sung, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe c\u0169, g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe ICEV l\u1edbn, c\u0169, sang c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea1c xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn s\u1ea1c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u201cquy\u1ec1n c\u1eafm \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p. <sup><strong>(33)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ea1c v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 b\u00e3i \u0111\u1eadu xe, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ea1c theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea1c, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m s\u1ea1c nhanh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c (B\u1ed9 Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i Sinh th\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p, 2019) v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng (cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c g\u1ed9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau) \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. <sup><strong>(34)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc EV nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ea1c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc xe so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc EV l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ea1c \u00edt th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n (Poupinha &amp; Dornoff, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00edt carbon v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed gi\u1eefa xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed s\u1edf h\u1eefu (Hildemeier v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2019, Muratori, 2024). \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0103ng t\u1eeb xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0, \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (MDBs) cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c EV v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Do b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 pin b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ea7n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 pin ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pin (\u1ee6y ban Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00e1i ch\u1ebf xe, pin v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1ebft v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. T\u00e1i ch\u1ebf pin c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf phi carbon, do c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f4m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd, t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1ebft v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a pin, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n kinh t\u1ebf. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169 gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u xe c\u0169, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n khi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ebft v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi (Kendall v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 pin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (Draghi, 2024). C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nhanh h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac cao c\u1ea5p. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n khai c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n thu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (\u1ee6y ban Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, 2024) \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb xe \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p (ICEV) c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed phi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn pin, ngu\u1ed3n cung nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trung gian trong chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 an ninh. C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 carbon c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf, truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng. C\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. An ninh m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn an ninh, do vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p camera v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn trong \u00f4 t\u00f4 (Sebastian v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2023), t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea1c\/x\u1ea3 EV \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thao t\u00fang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (Aljohani v\u00e0 Almutairi, 2024), v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eaft m\u00e1y t\u1eeb xa (Baazil v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0o \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i mua xe theo nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o: (i) xe \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i carbon t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi), (ii) vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 (iii) kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa pin (ADEME, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng, L\u00e9gifrance, 2025). C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00eau tr\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n.<sup><strong>(35)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed phi gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 minh b\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng (cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng). T\u1ea1i EU, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Net Zero cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, 2024). Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung\/lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i r\u1ee7i ro l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh (Draghi, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c di d\u1eddi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (Hermine, 2024, Sebastian v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u00f4 t\u00f4. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh (Hermine, 2024). Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c li\u00ean doanh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (bao g\u1ed3m Trung Qu\u1ed1c, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n) ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c (Lombardo v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2025). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong ng\u00e0nh, th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh (Autor v\u00e0 Hanson, 2025). Vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda an ninh ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (Draghi, 2024). N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i b\u00ed quy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng (Draghi, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean doanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Stellantis v\u00e0 CATL (Stellantis, 2024), Ford \u0111ang s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p v\u1edbi CATL t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 GM c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 (Zhang, 2024). C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn cung c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Mercedes v\u00e0 CATL t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (Mercedes-Benz, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c (Sebastian, 2023). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1ee7i ro m\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u0169 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n do xe \u0111i\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ed quy\u1ebft li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi h\u01a1n n\u1eefa (Draghi, 2024). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (Sebastian, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 li\u00ean doanh c\u0169ng \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 linh ki\u1ec7n cat\u1ed1t, anot, ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u00e1ch, v\u1edbi v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u1edf Ph\u00e1p (Reuters, 2024), n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cell v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 pin hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pin (Moherenhout, 2024). Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pin c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, do th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ra kh\u1ecfi Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Bradsher, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi (\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c) ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp (Autor v\u00e0 Hanson, 2025). N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n g\u0169i (\u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn xe \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p36) v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao c\u1ea5p. <sup><strong>(37)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R\u1ee7i ro li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ebf quan th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cung c\u1ea7u xe \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai xe \u0111i\u1ec7n sang c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe \u0111ang l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, thay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 an ninh kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd trong chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 pin c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n cung kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n qua bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u\/s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 qua ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m) v\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u01b0. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ed1n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng pin \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 qua ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n pin, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thu\u1ebf quan th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 &#8211; bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty khai th\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn &#8211; theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a h\u01a1n, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 cung \u1ee9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf chung &#8211; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btrong \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 Thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a EU &#8211; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh (\u1ee6y ban Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">Theo GFEI Global fuel economy initiative<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(1)<\/strong><\/sup>: Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m Argentina, \u00dac, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Colombia, Khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Ai C\u1eadp, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Indonesia, Israel, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Kazakhstan, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Myanmar, New Zealand, B\u1eafc Macedonia, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Nga, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Saudi, Singapore, Nam Phi, Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Th\u00e1i Lan, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, C\u00e1c Ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, Ukraina, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, Hoa K\u1ef3, Uruguay, Uzbekistan v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(2)<\/strong><\/sup> H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c1-\u00c2u \u2013 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u ngo\u00e0i EU, Trung \u00c1, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 40% doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024 \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1958 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1eabn nhau c\u00e1c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t ki\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i xe v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng xe (Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ghi r\u00f5 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng). Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 B\u00ean tham gia th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1958. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 (Dieselnet, kh\u00f4ng ghi r\u00f5 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(3)<\/strong> <\/sup>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng xe c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 8.500 pound (4,25 t\u1ea5n) v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 4.000 pound (2 t\u1ea5n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(4)<\/strong> <\/sup>Thu\u1ebf quan n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, sau khi Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 do Hoa K\u1ef3-H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c (KORUS) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2021, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u00dac do Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 do \u00dac-Hoa K\u1ef3 (AUSFTA), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho Canada v\u00e0 Mexico do Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Hoa K\u1ef3-Mexico-Canada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(5)<\/strong> <\/sup>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1998 li\u00ean quan (Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ghi ng\u00e0y), nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c B\u00ean tham gia Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1958 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1eabn nhau c\u00e1c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t ki\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i (Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ghi ng\u00e0y).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(6)<\/strong> <\/sup>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao so v\u1edbi EU v\u00e0 EU (ICCT, 2025), nh\u01b0ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(7)<\/strong> <\/sup>Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea1m vi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khung thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u\/\u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho ph\u00e9p xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed s\u1edf h\u1eefu th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ICEV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(8) <\/strong><\/sup>NEV bao g\u1ed3m BEV, PHEV v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(9)<\/strong> <\/sup>N\u0103m 2022, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ISO 15118 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ea1c hai chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u an ninh m\u1ea1ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n (ISO, 2022). Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tri\u1ec3n khai s\u1ea1c hai chi\u1ec1u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bh\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa xe v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n (V2G) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2025 (Pionix, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(10)<\/strong> <\/sup>Vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i pin c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf IEC 62840 (T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n L\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c, 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(11)<\/strong> <\/sup>C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1ng b\u00f3 c\u1ee9ng phanh (ABS), b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng \u00e1p, H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (ESC), Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u00edch \u1ee9ng (ACC), \u0111\u00e8n pha LED v\u00e0 phun nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(12)<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (Anderson, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(13)<\/strong> <\/sup>Nguy c\u01a1 tai n\u1ea1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn xe \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi xe ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng x\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u diesel. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1edfi tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng xe m\u1edbi h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n. H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 (Feys v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(14)<\/strong> <\/sup>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia giao th\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4 kh\u00e1ch l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 va ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa hai xe v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Khi hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tu\u1ed5i, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a xe, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa hai \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u1edf \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a xe: tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n (Feys v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(15)<\/strong> <\/sup>Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia giao th\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u1eb7p tai n\u1ea1n v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u01a1n (Feys v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2025). Feys v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2025 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, AVAS (H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m thanh) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1ea1i EU (Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, 2017) v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(16)<\/strong> <\/sup>L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4 \u2013 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(17)<\/strong> <\/sup>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Iceland (Island.is, n.d.) v\u00e0 New Zealand (C\u01a1 quan V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i New Zealand, n.d.), \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c khung ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi r\u1ee7i ro thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ngu\u1ed3n thu c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(18)<\/strong> <\/sup>\u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u00dd v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh do vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u0169 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m (Hermine, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(19)<\/strong> <\/sup>R\u1ee7i ro gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t cao h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n do ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi r\u1ee7i ro t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t do m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(20)<\/strong> <\/sup>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 xe chung v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(21)<\/strong> <\/sup>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh GREET (ANL, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(22)<\/strong> <\/sup>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (ICEV), v\u00ec xe \u0111i\u1ec7n lai (PHEV) s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 hybrid ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 pin nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong xe hybrid c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0o kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 pin l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e1i xe ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u1ed1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(23) <\/strong><\/sup>C\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 EU \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a xe \u0111i\u1ec7n lai (PHEV) &#8211; x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i CO2 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t ki\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i theo Quy tr\u00ecnh Ki\u1ec3m tra Xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 H\u00e0i h\u00f2a To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (WLTP) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(24)<\/strong> <\/sup>NEDC l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a New European Driving Cycle (Chu tr\u00ecnh l\u00e1i xe m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 chu tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2021. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chu tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang (Chu tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, hay CLTC), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2024, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a WLTP v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i xe c\u1ed9. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2024, c\u1ea3 ba chu tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(25)<\/strong><\/sup> Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe PHEV\/EREV c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Leapmotors (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi BEV), m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p t\u1ea1i EU \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Stellantis ng\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf (Reuters, 2025) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(26)<\/strong> <\/sup>C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn th\u00eam trong ph\u1ea7n khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(27)<\/strong> <\/sup>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n \u00edt h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 30% lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch (ICEV) (OECD, 2024a), nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pin (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ebft v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf), ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng s\u1ea1c (ILO, 2021, Tamba v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2022, ILO, 2024). \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ee9ng khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (Tamba v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(28)<\/strong> <\/sup>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a s\u1edbm \u00edt b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3, v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n hai b\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, ngo\u00e0i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u00f4 t\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(29)<\/strong> <\/sup>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n cung b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chi ph\u00ed (ITF, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(30)<\/strong> <\/sup>N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi an ninh, x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(31)<\/strong> <\/sup>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe c\u00f4ng ty, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai \u1edf B\u1ec9 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t (ERM, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(32)<\/strong> <\/sup>M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng EV nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(33)<\/strong> <\/sup>C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ea1c xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edf, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(34)<\/strong> <\/sup>C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 di \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh tranh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u2013 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m chi tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1ee7i ro, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 cho gi\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(35)<\/strong> <\/sup>Ph\u1ea7n sau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 S\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200b\u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o khai th\u00e1c c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m (IRMA, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(36)<\/strong><\/sup> M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 EU v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c Balkan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup><strong>(37)<\/strong> <\/sup>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1edfi c\u1ea1nh tranh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf quan ho\u1eb7c cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 &#8211; v\u1ed1n d\u0129 ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng qua kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n &#8211; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh cho s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 xe cao h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac cao c\u1ea5p, t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u d\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf quan c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1, so v\u1edbi xe \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ebb h\u01a1n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng xe \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n, sang c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn, chi ph\u00ed h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n. L\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb b\u00e1o c\u00e1o SMALL AND ELECTRIC &#8211; THE INTERNATIONAL CASE TO MOVE AWAY FROM COMBUSTION SUVS c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c GFEI T\u00f3m l\u1ef1\u1ee3c b\u00e1o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5427,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[394],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5266","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-industry-news"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng SUV ch\u1ea1y nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1t trong.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/nho-gon-va-chay-dien-xu-huong-quoc-te-roi-xa-suv-dong-co-dot-trong\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng SUV ch\u1ea1y nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1t trong.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng xe \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n, sang c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn, chi ph\u00ed h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n. L\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb b\u00e1o c\u00e1o SMALL AND ELECTRIC &#8211; THE INTERNATIONAL CASE TO MOVE AWAY FROM COMBUSTION SUVS c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c GFEI T\u00f3m l\u1ef1\u1ee3c b\u00e1o [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/nho-gon-va-chay-dien-xu-huong-quoc-te-roi-xa-suv-dong-co-dot-trong\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Nh\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec3m H\u1ed3nq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"nhat.iem.honq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"nhat.iem.honq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-11-14T00:50:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-19T14:38:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-44.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"338\" \/>\n\t<meta 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