{"id":1957,"date":"2024-07-06T21:59:22","date_gmt":"2024-07-06T14:59:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/?p=1957"},"modified":"2026-02-19T21:53:23","modified_gmt":"2026-02-19T14:53:23","slug":"luc-can-lan-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n l\u00e0 g\u00ec"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec3m b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed s\u1edf h\u1eefu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi <strong>l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n<\/strong> (<strong>Rolling Resistance &#8211; RR<\/strong>), m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a xe. L\u1ef1c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, 6% t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u1edf Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m 30% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i CO2 c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2030 so v\u1edbi xe tham chi\u1ebfu (xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2019) [1]. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed7i xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac xe t\u1ea3i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u01b0ng dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin trong xe b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3, RR v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin (BET) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 xung quanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gi\u1ea3m kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 sinh th\u00e1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao RR l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ed1p xe v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t cao su trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe t\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ed1i \u01b0u trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf xe t\u1ea3i. Ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m RR c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u xung \u0111\u1ed9t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u1ed1p xe m\u00f2n nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t m\u00e0i m\u00f2n h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a cao su r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh phanh v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd, trong khi n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng theo c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i, d\u1ec5 tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cao su. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong H\u00ecnh 1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i ho\u1eb7c chu\u1ed7i Prony. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n [2] v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh sau kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t trong cao su. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u01b0u bi\u1ebfn song song \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n cho l\u1ed1p xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch. Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u01b0u bi\u1ebfn song song n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y r\u1ea5t c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u trong khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cao su \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng RR.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"566\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.01.34-1024x566.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1962\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.01.34-1024x566.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.01.34-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.01.34-768x425.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.01.34-759x420.png 759w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.01.34-696x385.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.01.34-1068x591.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.01.34.png 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 1. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1ef1c quan [3]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>L\u1ed1p xe l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sai n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee1 pin cho xe t\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin \u0111i\u1ec7n; kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a \u1edf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch khi th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ed1p xe trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a cao su. Khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ti\u00eau t\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a cao su \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ed1p xe kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n, c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho cao su l\u1ed1p xe\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cao su mi\u1ec1n th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u1ec5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0110\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadn \u00e1n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Lu\u1eadn \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 11 ph\u1ea7n. Ph\u1ea7n 2 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n, trong khi Ph\u1ea7n 3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cao su. Ph\u1ea7n 4 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Ph\u1ea7n 5 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong Ph\u1ea7n 6. Trong Ph\u1ea7n 7, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ed1p xe ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong Ph\u1ea7n 8. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong Ph\u1ea7n 9 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong Ph\u1ea7n 10 v\u00e0 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1p xe<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1ed1p xe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c ngang, h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i. L\u1ed1p xe kh\u00ed n\u00e9n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00ec \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb polyme, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n gia c\u1ed1, d\u1ea7u, ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m, th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea3i d\u1ec7t, v.v. Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ed1p xe ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ed1p xe<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p kh\u00f4ng s\u0103m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 l\u1ed1p <strong>b\u1ed1 th\u00e9p<\/strong> v\u00e0 l<strong>\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 ch\u00e9o<\/strong>, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 th\u00e9p (H\u00ecnh 2 a) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch trong khi l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 ch\u00e9o (H\u00ecnh 2 b) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m l\u1ed1p xe m\u00e1y. Nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 th\u00e9p, nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u00e2y th\u00e2n l\u1ed1p ch\u1ea1y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng xuy\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u1eeb m\u00e9p l\u1ed1p n\u00e0y sang m\u00e9p l\u1ed1p kia (H\u00ecnh 3). Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 hai \u0111ai ch\u00e9o g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi mi\u1ebfng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ed1p. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 ch\u00e9o ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 ch\u00e9o c\u00f3 hai \u0111ai ch\u00e9o ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb m\u00e9p l\u1ed1p n\u00e0y sang m\u00e9p l\u1ed1p kia. L\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 ch\u00e9o r\u1ebb h\u01a1n do c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ch\u00e9o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nhau khi l\u1ed1p l\u0103n, t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 th\u00e9p. Trong lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 th\u00e9p, v\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.11.27-1024x535.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1970\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.11.27-1024x535.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.11.27-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.11.27-768x401.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.11.27-805x420.png 805w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.11.27-696x363.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.11.27-1068x557.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.11.27.png 1318w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 2. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111ai c\u1ee7a (a) l\u1ed1p h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 (b) l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 ch\u00e9o.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>H\u00ecnh 3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chung c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i b\u00e1n k\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ed1p b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u00e0 gai, th\u00e0nh l\u1ed1p, \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ed1p, \u0111ai v\u00e0nh, \u0111ai h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m, l\u01b0\u1edbi tanh l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 l\u1edbp l\u00f3t trong. Gai l\u1ed1p l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn duy nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ngang, d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n [2]. Th\u00e0nh l\u1ed1p cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi l\u00e1i xe, h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0 t\u1eeb tanh l\u1ed1p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t l\u1ed1p [4]. \u0110ai h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c \u0111ai khung l\u1ed1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 linh ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 gi\u1eef cho th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai \u0111ai v\u00e0nh b\u1eaft ch\u00e9o nhau gi\u00fap gi\u1eef cho h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0nh th\u1eb3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi l\u1ed1p c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c \u0111ai v\u00e0nh b\u1eaft ch\u00e9o nhau c\u0169ng truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ngang v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc. L\u01b0\u1edbi tanh l\u1ed1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i th\u00e9p gi\u00fap gi\u1eef l\u1ed1p b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o v\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh khi l\u00e1i xe. L\u1edbp l\u00f3t b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp cao su m\u1ecfng gi\u00fap l\u1ed1p xe k\u00edn kh\u00ed. L\u1edbp n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a cao su c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5m kh\u00ed th\u1ea5p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 cao su butyl [5]. Cao su t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 cao su t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m l\u1edbp l\u00f3t b\u00ean trong v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao b\u00ean trong l\u1ed1p xe trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"530\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.13.31-1024x530.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1974\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.13.31-1024x530.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.13.31-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.13.31-768x398.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.13.31-811x420.png 811w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.13.31-696x360.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.13.31-1068x553.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.13.31.png 1514w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 3. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i d\u1ea1ng b\u00e1n k\u00ednh cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a xe<\/strong>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang xe t\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin \u0111i\u1ec7n. C\u01a1 quan t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn (80-95%) l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i trong cao su [6]. Do \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec9nh \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe b\u1ecb d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u0103n (H\u00ecnh 4). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra m\u00f4men phanh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a xe. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ma s\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc [2].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.15.14-1024x380.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1978\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.15.14-1024x380.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.15.14-300x111.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.15.14-768x285.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.15.14-1131x420.png 1131w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.15.14-696x258.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.15.14-1068x397.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.15.14.png 1422w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 4. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe khi l\u0103n, t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4men phanh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a xe [3].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ad2f72ca wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch [j\/m]. Trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n do Schuring [7] \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau trong <strong>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (1).<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"516\" height=\"186\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.18.09.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1981\" style=\"width:516px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.18.09.png 516w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-22.18.09-300x108.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 516px) 100vw, 516px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 <em><strong>P<\/strong><\/em><sub><strong><em>r<\/em><\/strong><\/sub> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ea3n l\u0103n, <strong>?<sub><em>in<\/em><\/sub><\/strong> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p, <strong><em>P<\/em><sub><em>out<\/em><\/sub><\/strong> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 <strong>? <\/strong>l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a xe. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p \u0111o l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c, m\u00f4 men xo\u1eafn, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c. L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n <strong>(?<sub><em>rr<\/em><\/sub>),<\/strong> v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc <strong>(?<sub><em>r<\/em><\/sub>) <\/strong>v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng (?). T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ?? nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u01a1n (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (2)). Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 kg\/t\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"502\" height=\"206\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-23.51.14.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1986\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-23.51.14.png 502w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-06-at-23.51.14-300x123.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cao su<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cao su \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Cao su l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i polyme v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh [8] v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng [9]. T\u00ean polyme b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u201cpolus\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cmeros\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cnhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n\u201d. T\u00ean n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a polyme, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Cao su l\u1ed1p xe bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c polyme kh\u00e1c nhau k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n gia c\u1ed1. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n n\u00e0y b\u1ed5 sung nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho cao su, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng (m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef) v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5n (m\u00f4 \u0111un m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Fletcher-Gent ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Payne, l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Mullins v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i. Cao su \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo, ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i entropy (s\u1ef1 th\u1eb3ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i polyme), kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kim lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed) [10]. Do s\u1ef1 th\u1eb3ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i polyme, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng n\u1ebfu cao su kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 polyme bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 t\u00edch v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u00f4 \u0111un kh\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>T\u00ednh nh\u1edbt d\u1ebbo<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i. Trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cao su, t\u00ednh nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i polyme b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd th\u1eb3ng ra khi cao su b\u1ecb k\u00e9o c\u0103ng. Do b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eb3ng ra kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00e3n ra theo th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i (d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n) sau khi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t nh\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e3n ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Mullins<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng trong cao su th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Mullins. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo m\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 [9]. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a cao su kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u1ebfu m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Mullins. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y khi x\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed1p m\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p thay v\u00ec \u0111o l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Mullins c\u0169ng c\u00f3 trong cao su kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9n nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n trong cao su gia c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9n. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Mullins c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 [9].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Fletcher-Gent<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n gia c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o cao su s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng cho m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Fletcher-Gent. C\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Fletcher-Gent v\u00e0 Mullins \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nhau. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Fletcher-Gent hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Mullins kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng [9]. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Fletcher-Gent \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i polyme [11]. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng khi ph\u1ea1m vi bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf th\u1ee7y tinh<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Polyme c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee7y tinh <strong>(?<sub><em>g<\/em><\/sub>)<\/strong> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gi\u1ed1ng cao su (\u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i nh\u1edbt) sang v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y tinh gi\u00f2n [8]. Trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed1p xe, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee7y tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m v\u00e0 RR [5]. Nh\u00ecn chung, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, trong khi \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m \u01b0\u1edbt t\u0103ng l\u00ean [5]. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cao su thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u01b0u h\u00f3a, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee7y tinh x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c -68 \u00b0C v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cao su t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u00e0 -55 \u00b0C [12]. L\u1ed1p xe lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 <em>T<\/em>? th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t, s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9ng (DMA), ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao su qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IRHD) cho cao su l\u1ed1p xe. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p xe v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p \u0111o l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>DMA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a cao su (\u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t-bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng) v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng. Hai ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n n\u00e0y: l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o \u0111\u01a1n tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bm\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1ed1p xe. M\u1ed9t gi\u00e0n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eaft k\u00e9p t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o cao su l\u1ed1p xe.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"727\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.00.01-727x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1991\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.00.01-727x1024.png 727w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.00.01-213x300.png 213w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.00.01-298x420.png 298w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.00.01-696x980.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.00.01.png 744w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 727px) 100vw, 727px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 5. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1eaft k\u00e9p cho cao su l\u1ed1p xe (Gi\u1ea5y A).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng n\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01a1n tr\u1ee5c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh [8]:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"906\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.00.49.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1993\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.00.49.png 906w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.00.49-300x66.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.00.49-768x170.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.00.49-696x154.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 906px) 100vw, 906px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1eaft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"798\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.01.17.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1994\" style=\"width:697px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.01.17.png 798w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.01.17-300x56.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.01.17-768x144.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-00.01.17-696x131.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 <strong>I<\/strong> l\u00e0 tenx\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, <strong>? <\/strong>l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 k\u00e9o gi\u00e3n v\u00e0<strong> ?<\/strong> l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1eaft. T\u1eeb DMA, hai gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u00f4 \u0111un m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t. M\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 \u0111un c\u1eaft t\u1eeb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m (H\u00ecnh 6). M\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1eaft <strong>(?\u2032)<\/strong> v\u00e0 k\u00e9o <strong>(?\u2032)<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"674\" height=\"186\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.33.04.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1997\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.33.04.png 674w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.33.04-300x83.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 674px) 100vw, 674px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 5<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 <strong>?<sub>???<\/sub><\/strong> v\u00e0 <strong>?<sub>???<\/sub><\/strong> l\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t c\u1eaft v\u00e0 xo\u1eafn, v\u00e0 <strong>?<sub>???<\/sub><\/strong> v\u00e0 ???? l\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1eaft v\u00e0 xo\u1eafn.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"755\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.35.18-1024x755.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1998\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.35.18-1024x755.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.35.18-300x221.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.35.18-768x566.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.35.18-570x420.png 570w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.35.18-80x60.png 80w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.35.18-696x513.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.35.18-1068x787.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.35.18.png 1346w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 6. M\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u00f4 \u0111un c\u1eaft (m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t <strong>(?<sub>???<\/sub>)<\/strong> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng <strong>(?<sub>???<\/sub>)<\/strong> t\u1ed1i \u0111a t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u1ec5 (m\u00e0u xanh) (Gi\u1ea5y A).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>M\u00f4 \u0111un t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1eaft <strong>(?\u2032\u2032)<\/strong> ho\u1eb7c c\u0103ng <strong>(?\u2032\u2032)<\/strong> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1eeb g\u00f3c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ???<strong>(?<sub>???<\/sub>)<\/strong> v\u00e0 m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef <strong>(?\u2032 <\/strong>ho\u1eb7c <strong>?\u2032)<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"980\" height=\"188\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.40.57.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2001\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.40.57.png 980w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.40.57-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.40.57-768x147.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.40.57-696x134.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 6<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>G\u00f3c m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (7)) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau t\u00e1n <strong>(?)<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t <strong>(?<sub>???<\/sub>)<\/strong> v\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng <strong>(?<sub>???<\/sub>)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"754\" height=\"226\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.44.04.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2004\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.44.04.png 754w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.44.04-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.44.04-696x209.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 7<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau t\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo c\u00e1ch sau cho m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u1ec5 [13]:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"232\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.44.34.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2005\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.44.34.png 650w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.44.34-300x107.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 8<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (TGA) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau trong polyme [5]. Trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n gia c\u1ed1 cacbon \u0111en trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu cao su l\u1ed1p xe kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m v\u00ec cacbon \u0111en \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a cao su. Trong TGA, c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfng cao su \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef trong bu\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n theo t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111o, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau (H\u00ecnh 7). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 TGA trong SS-ISO 9924-3:2009 [14]<sup data-fn=\"2afb355f-20de-4775-a658-f885e919ccd3\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"2afb355f-20de-4775-a658-f885e919ccd3-link\" href=\"#2afb355f-20de-4775-a658-f885e919ccd3\">1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.47.11-1024x629.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2008\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.47.11-1024x629.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.47.11-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.47.11-768x471.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.47.11-1536x943.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.47.11-684x420.png 684w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.47.11-696x427.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.47.11-1068x656.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.47.11-356x220.png 356w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.47.11.png 1818w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 7. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111o trong TGA.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u0111o quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n cao su (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed9i than), do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau t\u00e1n [15]. \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao su qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf micro (IRHD M) l\u00e0 thang \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i. M\u1ed9t thang \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho cao su l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Shore. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m IRHD M trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m SS-ISO 48-2:2018 [16].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1nh. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft b\u1edfi Duell v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 [17].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1nh. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft b\u1edfi Duell v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 [17].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe <strong>(?<sub><em>?<\/em><\/sub>)<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o RR, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t k\u00fd sinh <strong>(?<sub>?<\/sub>)<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o l\u1ed1p xe nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (9). Trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t k\u00fd sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o. <strong>?<sub><sub>?<\/sub> <\/sub> <\/strong>l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p \u0111o tr\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n sau khi xoay tr\u1ed1ng trong 30 ph\u00fat m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xe t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng \u0111o.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"224\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.55.32.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2016\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.55.32.png 722w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.55.32-300x93.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.55.32-696x216.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 9<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>T\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb l\u1ed1p xe quay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trong c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i ISO 28580:2009 [18] \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t k\u00fd sinh h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o l\u1ed1p xe. Khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng xe t\u1ea3i trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t k\u00fd sinh ISO 28580.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoan b\u00ean trong l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 d\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng keo Loctite 3090. Hai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, vai l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ed1p (H\u00ecnh 8 a), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phun v\u00e0o l\u1ed1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n (H\u00ecnh 8 b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"487\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.56.15-1024x487.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2017\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.56.15-1024x487.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.56.15-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.56.15-768x365.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.56.15-1536x730.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.56.15-884x420.png 884w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.56.15-696x331.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.56.15-1068x508.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.56.15.png 1578w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 8. (tr\u00e1i) Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u00e9p \u0111o l\u0103n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111o. (ph\u1ea3i) V\u00f2i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed1p (Gi\u1ea5y B).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00ecnh 9 cho th\u1ea5y xe t\u1ea3i \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng trong bu\u1ed3ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 -30 \u00b0C. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh xe t\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n -30 \u00b0C, trong khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p xe cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi 0 \u00b0C. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng cho th\u1ea5y l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n cao, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn cao su \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"586\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.57.16-1024x586.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2019\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.57.16-1024x586.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.57.16-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.57.16-768x440.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.57.16-1536x879.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.57.16-734x420.png 734w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.57.16-696x398.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.57.16-1068x611.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.57.16.png 1656w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 9. \u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p b\u1eb1ng camera nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 -30 \u00b0C. L\u1ed1p xe tr\u00ean con l\u0103n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 xung quanh (Gi\u1ea5y B).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o tr\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1eb3ng. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Clark [19] l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ed1ng (?<sub>??<em>????<\/em><\/sub><em>) th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1eb3ng (?<sub><em>??<\/em>????????<\/sub><\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"846\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.58.40.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2020\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.58.40.png 846w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.58.40-300x99.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.58.40-768x252.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-09.58.40-696x229.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 846px) 100vw, 846px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 10<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 ? ???? v\u00e0 ? ???? l\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 tang tr\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cao su c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a cao su kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch. Trong m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Rodkwan v\u00e0 Daesa [20] v\u00e0 Ali et al. [21] s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y ra l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n [2]. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ed1p xe l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i Prony [22], [23]. Chu\u1ed7i Prony \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Neo-Hookean ho\u1eb7c Mooney-Rivlin. H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a cao su.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cao su c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, c\u00f3 ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau: \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt d\u1ebbo [24]; m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh [25]; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0m ph\u00e2n s\u1ed1 [26]. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, Rafei v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 [25] \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Bergstr\u00f6m-Boyce (BB) trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u01b0u bi\u1ebfn song song (PRF). M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Bergstr\u00f6m-Boyce l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi chu\u1ed7i Prony. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tham s\u1ed1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi BB \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong PRF v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tham s\u1ed1 cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Berg-Str\u00f6m-Boyce, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng theo lu\u1eadt l\u0169y th\u1eeba ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh sin Hyperbolic) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf (&lt; 10\u221227) trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc [27]. Trong m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u1ed1ng l\u00f3t, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0m ph\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau nh\u1edbt d\u1ebbo \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0m ph\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m trong mi\u1ec1n t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1. Trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u01b0u bi\u1ebfn song song si\u00eau nh\u1edbt d\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i, nh\u1edbt v\u00e0 si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i d\u1ebbo ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t (H\u00ecnh 10). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i MSC Marc. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, Austrell v\u00e0 Olsson \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho c\u00e1c con l\u0103n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p [28]. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"483\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.03-1024x483.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2023\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.03-1024x483.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.03-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.03-768x362.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.03-1536x724.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.03-891x420.png 891w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.03-696x328.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.03-1068x503.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.03.png 1820w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 10. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 song song c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i nh\u1edbt d\u1ebbo (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o A).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i, nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 d\u1ebbo kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c song song, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ed5ng \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i (?<sub>h???????????<\/sub>), \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t nh\u1edbt (?<sub>???????,?<\/sub>) v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i d\u1ebbo (?<sub>h?????????????????,?<\/sub>) theo Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (11).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"198\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.40-1024x198.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.40-1024x198.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.40-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.40-768x148.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.40-696x134.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.40-1068x206.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.44.40.png 1492w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 11<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a cao su l\u00e0 phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00f4 \u0111un kh\u1ed1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 104 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u00f4 \u0111un c\u1eaft [13]. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, v\u00ec m\u00f4 \u0111un kh\u1ed1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi m\u00f4 \u0111un c\u1eaft. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a cao su. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh PRF v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1edbt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i sau khi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i: m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Neo-Hookean [8] ho\u1eb7c Arruda-Boyce [29], m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a cao su, trong khi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m gi\u1eefa \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Mooney-Rivlin [30] v\u00e0 Ogden [8].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u00e0m m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng <strong>(?<sub>???<\/sub>) <\/strong>th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 t\u00edch <strong>(?<sub>???<\/sub>) <\/strong>v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1ec7ch <strong>(?<sub>???<\/sub>)<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"156\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.49.23.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2027\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.49.23.png 560w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.49.23-300x84.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 12<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>MSC Marc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (13) l\u00e0m h\u00e0m m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"604\" height=\"204\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.49.55.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2028\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.49.55.png 604w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.49.55-300x101.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 13<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 <strong>? <\/strong>l\u00e0 m\u00f4 \u0111un kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0<strong> ?<\/strong> (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gradient bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng (<strong>?)<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Mooney-Rivlin, MSC Marc 2021 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 <strong>? = 10 000(?<sub>10<\/sub> + ?<sub>01<\/sub>)<\/strong>. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 Poisson <strong>(?)<\/strong> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ngang v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc trong bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. V\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 Poisson th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 0,5 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc [31].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t-bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng l\u1ec7ch (<strong>?<sub><em>1<\/em><\/sub><\/strong> v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c <strong>?<sub><em>2<\/em><\/sub><\/strong>, C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (14)). C\u00e1c b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang (<strong>?1 \u2212 ?3) <\/strong>c\u1ee7a tenx\u01a1 Cauchy-Green ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i (?):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"828\" height=\"214\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.54.52.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2029\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.54.52.png 828w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.54.52-300x78.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.54.52-768x198.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.54.52-696x180.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 828px) 100vw, 828px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 14<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Yeoh) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed5 sung so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng hai tr\u1ee5c. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n ch\u00ednh l\u1ec7ch, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ogden [8].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh PRF \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong <strong>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o A v\u00e0 C<\/strong> l\u00e0 Mooney-Rivlin (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (15)), c\u00f3 hai tham s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh, ?<sub><em>10<\/em><\/sub> v\u00e0 ?<sub><em>01<\/em><\/sub>. H\u00e0m m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng (?<sub><em>Mooney-Rivlin<\/em><\/sub>) c\u1ee7a Mooney-Rivlin nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"157\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.58.25-1024x157.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2030\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.58.25-1024x157.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.58.25-300x46.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.58.25-768x118.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.58.25-696x107.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.58.25.png 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 15<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Prony series<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i trong cao su. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh (H\u00ecnh 12 a) trong khi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y nh\u1edbt l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t nh\u1edbt t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cao su \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u1ed1p xe, chu\u1ed7i Prony l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00ec m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t trong l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft do chu\u1ed7i Prony t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00ednh tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh n\u00e0y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau b\u1eadt trong H\u00ecnh 11. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Yeoh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh chu\u1ed7i Prony.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"530\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.59.55-1024x530.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2031\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.59.55-1024x530.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.59.55-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.59.55-768x398.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.59.55-1536x795.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.59.55-811x420.png 811w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.59.55-696x360.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.59.55-1068x553.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.59.55-1920x994.png 1920w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-10.59.55.png 1978w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 11. Chu\u1ed7i Prony t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef (a) (?\u2032) v\u00e0 m\u00f4 \u0111un m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t (?\u2032\u2032) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1eaft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o C).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, chu\u1ed7i Prony \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Mooney-Rivlin. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i nh\u1edbt t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0m gi\u00e3n \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi gian (?<sub><em>r<\/em><\/sub>(?)).?<sub><em>0<\/em><\/sub> l\u00e0 h\u00e0m \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t-bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i, trong khi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef- \u2211<sub><em>i<\/em><\/sub><sup>V<\/sup> =<sub><em>1<\/em><\/sub>?<sub><em>1<\/em><\/sub>(1\u2212?\u2212<sup><em>-t<\/em><\/sup>?\u2044??) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t nh\u1edbt. ?<sub>?<\/sub> l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian gi\u00e3n ?<sup>?<em>h<\/em><\/sup> cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng nh\u1edbt (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (16)).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"282\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.01.50-1024x282.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2032\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.01.50-1024x282.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.01.50-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.01.50-768x211.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.01.50-696x192.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.01.50.png 1046w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 16<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>M\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a (?\u2032) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong mi\u1ec1n t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 theo c\u00e1ch sau:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"283\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.05.33-1024x283.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2034\" style=\"width:696px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.05.33-1024x283.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.05.33-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.05.33-768x212.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.05.33-696x192.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.05.33-1068x295.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.05.33.png 1116w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 17<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 <strong>?<\/strong> l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 g\u00f3c v\u00e0 <strong>V<\/strong> l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u00f4 \u0111un m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a <strong>(?\u2032\u2032)<\/strong> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"818\" height=\"272\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.06.21.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2035\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.06.21.png 818w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.06.21-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.06.21-768x255.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.06.21-696x231.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 818px) 100vw, 818px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 18<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>T\u00ednh d\u1ebbo<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i Ogden [8] v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"236\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.07.27-1024x236.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2036\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.07.27-1024x236.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.07.27-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.07.27-768x177.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.07.27-696x161.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.07.27.png 1066w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 19<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 ?<sub>?<\/sub><sup><strong>?<sub>?<\/sub><\/strong><\/sup> l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u00e3n l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0 <strong>?<\/strong> l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng Ogden. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai tham s\u1ed1 cho m\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng Ogden, (I) <strong>?<sub>?<\/sub><\/strong> v\u00e0 (II) <strong>?<sub>?<\/sub><\/strong>. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ebbo c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tham s\u1ed1 b\u1ed5 sung cho \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t ch\u1ea3y. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1ebbo n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng song song \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t-bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Ogden c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Mooney-Rivlin, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 <strong>?<sub><em>1<\/em><\/sub> = 2?<sub><em>10<\/em><\/sub>, ?<sub><em>2<\/em><\/sub> = \u22122?<sub><em>01<\/em><\/sub> = \u22122 ?<sub><em>10<\/em><\/sub> \/7, ?1 = 2 and ?<sub><em>2<\/em><\/sub> =\u22122.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u01b0u bi\u1ebfn song song<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi si\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i, nh\u1edbt v\u00e0 d\u1ebbo \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c song song trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh PRF. C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u1ec5 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i (H\u00ecnh 12 a) v\u00e0 d\u1ebbo (H\u00ecnh 12 b) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (H\u00ecnh 12 c) c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"501\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05-1024x501.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2037\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05-1024x501.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05-300x147.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05-768x376.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05-1536x752.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05-858x420.png 858w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05-696x341.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05-1068x523.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05-1920x940.png 1920w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05-324x160.png 324w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05-533x261.png 533w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.05.png 1974w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 12. (a) \u1ee8ng su\u1ea5t nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 (b) \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo t\u1ea1o ra (c) ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh PRF [3].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ebbo t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong H\u00ecnh 13, trong \u0111\u00f3 Prony c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng trong c\u1eaft. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1ebbo t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u00eam b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o. Lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong H\u00ecnh 14, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ea1nh nhau v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t. Do s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 song song, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Fletcher-Gent n\u1ebfu d\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng (H\u00ecnh 14).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"586\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.50-1024x586.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2038\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.50-1024x586.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.50-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.50-768x440.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.50-1536x880.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.50-733x420.png 733w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.50-696x399.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.50-1068x612.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.14.50.png 1914w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 13. Minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. (a) v\u00e0 (d) cho th\u1ea5y m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi chu\u1ed7i Prony; (b) v\u00e0 (e) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1ef1a; v\u00e0 (c) v\u00e0 (f) cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t t\u1eeb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o C).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.15.16-1024x819.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2039\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.15.16-1024x819.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.15.16-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.15.16-768x614.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.15.16-1536x1229.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.15.16-525x420.png 525w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.15.16-696x557.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.15.16-1068x854.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.15.16.png 1640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 14. M\u1eabu cao su \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m (tr\u00e1i) v\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng (ph\u1ea3i) v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 \u0111un k\u00e9o, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef (a, b) v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t (c, d) (Gi\u1ea5y C).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Gi\u1ea3m tham s\u1ed1<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u00ecn chung, vi\u1ec7c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh PRF \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn (? = 2 + 2? + 5?) tham s\u1ed1 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i (?) v\u00e0 d\u1ebbo (?). M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n s\u00e1u. C\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi th\u00eam c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i ho\u1eb7c d\u1ebbo b\u1ed5 sung. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o A cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a, ngay c\u1ea3 khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n l\u1eb7p th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o A \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 40 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed Prony v\u00e0 t\u00e1m m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ebbo, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 tham s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp l\u00e0 122. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 g\u00f3i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: MATLAB ho\u1eb7c Python), v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 Mooney-Rivlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau v\u1edbi<strong> ?<sub><em>10<\/em><\/sub>\/?<sub><em>01<\/em><\/sub><\/strong> = 7. Lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p <strong>?<sub><em>10<\/em><\/sub><\/strong> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Anand v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y [32]. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 hai tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t tham s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6sterl\u00f6f v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 [33] \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng nhau cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i nh\u1edbt v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian logarit. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 \u0111un m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian logarit b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0m l\u0169y th\u1eeba:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"226\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.17.44-1024x226.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2040\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.17.44-1024x226.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.17.44-300x66.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.17.44-768x169.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.17.44-696x153.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.17.44.png 1026w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 20<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 <strong>V<\/strong> l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng viscoelastic, <strong>l<\/strong> l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 u l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian. D\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1<strong> ?<\/strong> v\u00e0 <strong>?<\/strong>. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng viscoelastic c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. D\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng viscoelastic h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 minh h\u1ecda trong H\u00ecnh 15. H\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t trong d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng viscoelastic kh\u00e1c nhau. Do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf n\u00ean c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a tham s\u1ed1<strong> ?<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong H\u00ecnh 15 (c) v\u00e0 (d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"923\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.18.37-1024x923.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2041\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.18.37-1024x923.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.18.37-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.18.37-768x692.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.18.37-466x420.png 466w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.18.37-696x628.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.18.37-1068x963.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.18.37.png 1464w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 15. N\u1ebfu d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng Prony l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef (a) v\u00e0 m\u00f4 \u0111un m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t (b) kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u00f4 \u0111un m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t. Bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tham s\u1ed1 l \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh (c) v\u00e0 (d). (1 \u2212 \u2211 ?) l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i \u1edf t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o A).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i d\u1ebbo<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Ogden \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Mooney-Rivlin kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh PRF trong MSC Marc 2021. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Ogden c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Mooney-Rivlin b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 theo C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (21) cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1ef1a kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"254\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.19.31.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2042\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.19.31.png 940w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.19.31-300x81.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.19.31-768x208.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.19.31-696x188.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 21<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 ? l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ebbo. M\u00f4 \u0111un c\u1eaft <strong>?<sub>1?<\/sub><\/strong> sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh t\u1eeb m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y sang m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00e1c. \u1ee8ng su\u1ea5t ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh. M\u00f4 \u0111un c\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i theo tham s\u1ed1 <strong>h <\/strong>v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t ch\u1ea3y theo tham s\u1ed1 <strong>?<\/strong>. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, <strong>? = h\/s, h<\/strong> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, trong khi ? m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u ngang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t do c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ebbo g\u00e2y ra (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (22)). H\u00ecnh 16 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong tr\u1ec5 do c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ebbo. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 d\u1ebbo gi\u1ea3m kh\u00e1c nhau <strong>?<\/strong> v\u00e0 <strong>h<\/strong> tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau b\u1eadt trong H\u00ecnh 17 a-d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"864\" height=\"252\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.34.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2043\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.34.png 864w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.34-300x88.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.34-768x224.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.34-696x203.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 864px) 100vw, 864px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. tr\u00ecnh 22<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"381\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.53-1024x381.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2044\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.53-1024x381.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.53-300x112.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.53-768x286.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.53-1536x571.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.53-1129x420.png 1129w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.53-696x259.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.53-1068x397.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-11.21.53.png 1726w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 16. (a) C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ebbo ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 (b) ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng d\u1ebbo song song.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3m tham s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi gi\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cao h\u01a1n d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, n\u1ebfu tham s\u1ed1 ? \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ecf, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao nh\u1ea5t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn. V\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o h\u00e0m ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn, n\u00ean m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t t\u0103ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh theo thang logarit x trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cao su gia c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 18 (a) v\u00e0 (b). \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, h\u00e3y xem B\u00e0i b\u00e1o A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"863\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.07-1024x863.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2046\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.07-1024x863.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.07-300x253.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.07-768x648.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.07-1536x1295.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.07-498x420.png 498w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.07-696x587.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.07-1068x900.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.07.png 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 17. Bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean tham s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a r v\u00e0 h khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i; (a) v\u00e0 (c) cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h v\u00e0 r l\u00ean m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, trong khi (b) v\u00e0 (d) cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean m\u00f4 \u0111un m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o A).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"333\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.35-1024x333.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2048\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.35-1024x333.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.35-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.35-768x250.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.35-1536x500.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.35-1291x420.png 1291w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.35-696x226.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.35-1068x348.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.02.35.png 1684w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 18. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tham s\u1ed1; (a) M\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ?\u2032v\u00e0 (b) m\u00f4 \u0111un m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t ?\u2032\u2032.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ed1p xe ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong B\u00e0i b\u00e1o C \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n sau. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh si\u00eau d\u1ebbo cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ed1p xe kh\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Lagrange-Eulerian (ALE) t\u00f9y \u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng n\u00e0y. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Lagrange thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay: (I) m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 (II) l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng nhau (H\u00ecnh 19). C\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 xoay v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u qua l\u01b0\u1edbi, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee9ng. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u01a1m l\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1p su\u1ea5t b\u01a1m mong mu\u1ed1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p v\u00e0o l\u1ed1p xe, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc tr\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"674\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.03.48-1024x674.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2049\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.03.48-1024x674.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.03.48-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.03.48-768x506.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.03.48-638x420.png 638w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.03.48-696x458.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.03.48-1068x703.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.03.48.png 1148w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 19. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u (Gi\u1ea5y C).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00ecnh 20 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p t\u0103ng, l\u1ed1p tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t khi l\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 xem m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng. H\u00ecnh 21 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u1edbi hai h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i g\u00e2y ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n [2]. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u khi l\u0103n, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng. Do \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, t\u00e2m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t do b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ebd d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p. T\u00e2m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 men phanh l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n (H\u00ecnh 4). Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u0103n \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ed1p ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00e0y (H\u00ecnh 22).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"708\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.04.47-1024x708.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2050\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.04.47-1024x708.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.04.47-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.04.47-768x531.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.04.47-607x420.png 607w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.04.47-218x150.png 218w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.04.47-696x481.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.04.47-1068x738.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.04.47-100x70.png 100w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.04.47.png 1264w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 20. \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p kh\u00e1c nhau (Gi\u1ea5y C).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"742\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.05.42-1024x742.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2052\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.05.42-1024x742.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.05.42-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.05.42-768x557.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.05.42-580x420.png 580w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.05.42-696x504.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.05.42-1068x774.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.05.42-324x235.png 324w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.05.42.png 1228w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 21. T\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t kh\u00e1c nhau (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o C).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.06.23-1024x512.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2054\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.06.23-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.06.23-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.06.23-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.06.23-840x420.png 840w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.06.23-696x348.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.06.23-1068x534.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.06.23.png 1276w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 22. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p khi l\u0103n \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (Gi\u1ea5y C).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a cao su c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau t\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng [34], [35] \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n ho\u1eb7c l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi [36]\u2013[39]. Ejsmont v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 [34] \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i trong ph\u1ea1m vi t\u1eeb +4 \u0111\u1ebfn +38 \u00b0C. H\u1ecd k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111o l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n, c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 v\u00e0o ph\u00e9p \u0111o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ejsmont v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 [40] c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean l\u1ed1p xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt. H\u1ecd l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u0103ng trong c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u1edf +25 \u00b0C v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ecf qua l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. Sandberg v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 [41] tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p khi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n n\u00e0y, l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng khu v\u1ef1c 315\/70 R22.5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u00ecnh 23 cho th\u1ea5y l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau (+25 v\u00e0 -15 \u00b0C) v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trung b\u00ecnh. L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trung b\u00ecnh (?<sub>??<em>???<\/em><\/sub><em>, C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (23)) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian l\u00e1i xe nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (?<sub><em>?????<\/em>????<\/sub><\/em>). L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u0103ng khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3m, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 23. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trung b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc xe g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"224\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.08.51.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2059\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.08.51.png 880w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.08.51-300x76.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.08.51-768x195.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.08.51-696x177.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 23<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.09.54-1024x712.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2061\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.09.54-1024x712.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.09.54-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.09.54-768x534.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.09.54-604x420.png 604w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.09.54-696x484.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.09.54-1068x742.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.09.54-100x70.png 100w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.09.54.png 1252w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 23. L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n theo th\u1eddi gian \u1edf +25 v\u00e0 -15 \u00b0C. C<sub>rrAVG<\/sub> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trung b\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian l\u00e1i xe nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i ra, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o \u1edf vai l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ed1p. C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (H\u00ecnh 24 a) v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (H\u00ecnh 24 b) so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u1edf vai l\u1ed1p. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 vai l\u1ed1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n (H\u00ecnh 25), trong khi c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ed1p ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng l\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n, h\u00e3y xem B\u00e0i b\u00e1o B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"414\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.18-1024x414.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2063\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.18-1024x414.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.18-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.18-768x310.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.18-1536x621.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.18-1040x420.png 1040w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.18-696x281.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.18-1068x431.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.18.png 1604w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 24. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n theo th\u1eddi gian \u1edf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb hai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111o kh\u00e1c nhau: vai l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ed1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thang \u0111o tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh (tr\u00e1i) v\u00e0 logarit (ph\u1ea3i) (Gi\u1ea5y B).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"404\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.46-1024x404.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2064\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.46-1024x404.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.46-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.46-768x303.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.46-1536x607.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.46-1063x420.png 1063w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.46-696x275.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.46-1068x422.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.11.46.png 1590w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 25. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ed1p (b\u00ean tr\u00e1i) v\u00e0 vai l\u1ed1p (b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i) (Gi\u1ea5y B).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe t\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin \u0111i\u1ec7n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (BET), c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e1i xe BET \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i khi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u00ecnh 26 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb -30 \u0111\u1ebfn +25 \u00b0C. C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh xem x\u00e9t v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau khi l\u00e1i xe 155 ph\u00fat \u1edf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong H\u00ecnh 27. Ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng 34% \u1edf -30 \u00b0C so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 +25 \u00b0C. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, h\u00e3y xem B\u00e0i b\u00e1o B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"733\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.12.22-1024x733.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2065\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.12.22-1024x733.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.12.22-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.12.22-768x550.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.12.22-586x420.png 586w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.12.22-696x498.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.12.22.png 1064w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 26. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i 0% v\u00e0 100% (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o B).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"732\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.13.15-1024x732.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2066\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.13.15-1024x732.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.13.15-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.13.15-768x549.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.13.15-588x420.png 588w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.13.15-696x498.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.13.15-1068x763.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.13.15-100x70.png 100w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.13.15.png 1108w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 27. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m vi xe t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o B).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o k\u00e8m theo<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color has-background\"><strong>Paper A &#8211; M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i<br>J. Hyttinen, R. \u00d6sterl\u00f6f, L. Drugge v\u00e0 J. Jerrelind<br>Bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 C\u01a1 kh\u00ed, Ph\u1ea7n D: T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u00d4 t\u00f4 (th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2021). DOI: 10.1177\/09544070221074108<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cao su l\u1ed1p xe ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a cao su l\u1ed1p xe l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft h\u00e0nh vi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a cao su l\u1ed1p xe trong m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u01b0u bi\u1ebfn song song (PRF) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cao su \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cao su ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n si\u00eau nh\u1edbt d\u1ebbo ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Fletcher-Gent. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ngay c\u1ea3 khi l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p s\u00e1u tham s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng n\u1ebfu th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng d\u1ebbo ho\u1eb7c nh\u1edbt \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng nh\u1edbt v\u00e0 d\u1ebbo ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai trong MATLAB, cho ph\u00e9p l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i tham s\u1ed1 nhanh. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, vi\u1ec7c tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a so v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i 385\/55 R22.5 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cao su kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>Paper B &#8211; \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh v\u00e0 l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n<br>J. Hyttinen, M. Ussner, R. \u00d6sterl\u00f6f, J. Jerrelind v\u00e0 L. Drugge<br>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u00d4 t\u00f4 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2022).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cao su ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng khu v\u1ef1c 315\/70 R22.5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o trong ph\u1ea1m vi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng (-30 \u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn +25 \u00b0C) trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch phun n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u1ed1p trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, hai nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o: vai l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ed1p. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 vai l\u1ed1p cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trong khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ed1p \u1ea5m l\u00ean ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o k\u00e9m h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o cho th\u1ea5y l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0103ng h\u01a1n 60% \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 -30 \u00b0C so v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf +25 \u00b0C. Khi phun n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u1ed1p, l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 15%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n \u1edf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe t\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u1ea3m khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n khi c\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p xe \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ISO 28580. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp sau khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ba gi\u1edd, do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecf qua l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 l\u00e1i xe v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng so v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh sau ba gi\u1edd kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e1i xe trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o ISO d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ebd kh\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trung b\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 xe g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\"><strong>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o C &#8211; M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cao su c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh nh\u1edbt d\u1ebbo<br>J. Hyttinen, R. \u00d6sterl\u00f6f, L. Drugge v\u00e0 J. Jerrelind<br>Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i IAVSD2021, H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 27 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Xe c\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ray, ng\u00e0y 17-19 th\u00e1ng 8, St Petersburg, Nga (2021).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ed1p xe th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi l\u00e1i xe, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u00eau t\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi do c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i khi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n khi c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nh\u1ecf, trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh xung \u0111\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ed1p xe ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ed1p xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt d\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u trong B\u00e0i b\u00e1o A, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i MSC Marc 2021. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ec1 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, l\u0103n \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng cho th\u1ea5y k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt d\u1ebbo ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u khi l\u0103n \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Fletcher-Gent. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a nh\u1edbt d\u1ebbo c\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea1m vi bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea1m vi thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, trong khi v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Fletcher-Gent trong ph\u1ea1m vi bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Lu\u1eadn \u00e1n n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u00ednh l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4 \u0111un m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t (hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Fletcher-Gent) trong ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o A).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tham s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho ph\u00e9p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nhanh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n s\u00e1u. C\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ebbo ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i nh\u1edbt (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o A).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 nh\u1edbt ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tham s\u1ed1 (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o A).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh si\u00eau d\u1ebbo nh\u1edbt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ed1p xe kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc, t\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o C).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u0103n \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho th\u1ea5y k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o C).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u0103ng do n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau t\u00e1n t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong cao su l\u1ed1p xe (B\u00e0i b\u00e1o B).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ean trong l\u1ed1p xe r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong vai l\u1ed1p xe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n, trong khi c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1ed1p \u00edt c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n (Gi\u1ea5y B).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phun n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u1ed1p xe l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p xe (Gi\u1ea5y B).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e1i xe c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3m (Gi\u1ea5y B).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong H\u00ecnh 28. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t th\u00eam. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n hay kh\u00f4ng, c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00eam c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cho \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt, \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Mullins. C\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 cao su n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c n\u00ean tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.24.23-1024x712.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2076\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.24.23-1024x712.png 1024w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.24.23-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.24.23-768x534.png 768w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.24.23-1536x1068.png 1536w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.24.23-604x420.png 604w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.24.23-696x484.png 696w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.24.23-1068x743.png 1068w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.24.23-100x70.png 100w, https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Screenshot-2024-07-07-at-19.24.23.png 1608w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ecnh 28. \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3ng l\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0nh xe h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u ho\u1eb7c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1ed1p xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh xe t\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p xe. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o tang tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong B\u00e0i b\u00e1o B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ti\u1ebfp theo, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa xe v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c ngang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[1] <\/strong>\u201cReducing CO2 emissions from heavy-duty vehicles,\u201d . https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/eu-action\/transport-emissions\/road-transport-reducing- co2-emissions-vehicles\/reducing-co2-emissions-heavy-duty-vehicles_en (accessed Feb. 09, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[2]<\/strong> Y. Nakajima, <em>Advanced Tire Mechanics<\/em>. Springer Singapore, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[3] <\/strong>&nbsp;J. Hyttinen, R. \u00d6sterl\u00f6f, J. Jerrelind, and L. Drugge, \u201cDevelopment of a vehicle-road interaction analysis framework for truck tyres,\u201d REV2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[4]<\/strong> &nbsp;M. S. Evans, <em>Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance, Volume 12. Smithers<\/em>, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[5]<\/strong> &nbsp;B. Rodgers, <em>Tire engineering: An introduction<\/em>, no. 1. CRC Press, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[6]<\/strong> H. S.  ldhufairi and O. . Olatunbosun, \u201cDevelopments in tyre design for lower rolling resistance: state of the art review,\u201d <em>Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng.<\/em>, vol. 232, no. 14, pp. 1865\u20131882, 2018, doi: 10.1177\/0954407017727195.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[7]<\/strong> D. J. churing, \u201cRolling Loss of neumatic Tires.,\u201d <em>Rubber Chemistry and Technology<\/em>, vol. 53, no. 3. pp. 600\u2013727, 1980, doi: 10.5254\/1.3535054.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[8] <\/strong>&nbsp;J. Bergstrom, <em>Mechanics of solid polymers : theory and computational modeling<\/em>. Elsevier, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[9]<\/strong> J. Diani, B. Fayolle, and . Gilormini, \u201c review on the ullins effect,\u201d <em>Eur. Polym.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[10] <\/strong>G. Holzapfel, <em>Nonlinear solid mechanics: a continuum approach for engineering. <\/em>Wiley, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[11]<\/strong> M. J. Garc\u00eda T\u00e1rrago, L. Kari, J. Vinolas, and N. Gil-Negrete, \u201cFrequency and amplitude dependence of the axial and radial stiffness of carbon-black filled rubber bushings,\u201d <em>Polym. Test.<\/em>, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 629\u2013638, 2007, doi: 10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2007.03.011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[12]<\/strong> A. N. Gent, <em>Engineering with Rubber 3e: How to Design Rubber Components<\/em>. HANSER PUBN, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[13]<\/strong>  I. M. Ward and J. Sweeney, <em>Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers<\/em>. Wiley, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[14] <\/strong>\u201cSS-ISO9924-3:2009,&#8221; 2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[15].<\/strong> N. Warasitthinon and C. G. Robertson, \u201cInterpretation of the tand peak height for particle-filled rubber and polymer nanocomposites with relevance to tire tread performance balance,\u201d <em>Rubber Chem. Technol.<\/em>, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 577\u2013594, 2018, doi: 10.5254\/rct.18.82608.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[16]<\/strong> \u201cSS-ISO48-2:2018,\u201d 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[17]<\/strong> E. Duell, A. Kharazi, P. Nagle, P. Elofsson, D. S\u00f6derblom, and C. M. Ramden, \u201c cania\u2019s New CD Climatic Wind Tunnel Facility for eavy Trucks and Buses,\u201d <em>SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars &#8211; Mech. Syst.<\/em>, vol. 9, no. 2, 2016, doi: 10.4271\/2016-01- 1614.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[18]<\/strong> \u201cISO 28580:2019,\u201d 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[19]<\/strong>S. K. Clark and R. N. Dodge, \u201c handbook for the rolling resistance of pneumatic tires,\u201d nn-Arbor, 1979. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/deepblue.lib.umich.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/2027.42\/4274\/bac0913.0001.001.pdf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0110i\u1ec3m b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed s\u1edf h\u1eefu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n (Rolling Resistance &#8211; RR), m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"\",\"id\":\"2afb355f-20de-4775-a658-f885e919ccd3\"}]"},"categories":[390],"tags":[62,63],"class_list":{"0":"post-1957","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-fleet-performance","8":"tag-luc-can-lan","9":"tag-tiet-kiem-nhien-lieu"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n (Rolling Resistance - RR), m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n l\u00e0 g\u00ec\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n (Rolling Resistance - RR), m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Nh\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec3m H\u1ed3nq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"nhat.iem.honq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"nhat.iem.honq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-07-06T14:59:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-19T14:53:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/co-contihybridhs3-image-en-plt-scaled.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1707\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Nhat Diem Honq\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Nhat Diem Honq\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecdc\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"75 ph\u00fat\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Nhat Diem Honq\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7d902c5c778203aead3e87eb3d4d9b0a\"},\"headline\":\"L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n l\u00e0 g\u00ec\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-07-06T14:59:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-19T14:53:23+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":17163,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7d902c5c778203aead3e87eb3d4d9b0a\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/07\\\/co-contihybridhs3-image-en-plt-scaled.webp\",\"keywords\":[\"L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n\",\"ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Fleet performance\"],\"inLanguage\":\"vi\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\\\/\",\"name\":\"L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n l\u00e0 g\u00ec\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/luc-can-lan-la-gi\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/07\\\/co-contihybridhs3-image-en-plt-scaled.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-07-06T14:59:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-19T14:53:23+00:00\",\"description\":\"L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n (Rolling Resistance - 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