{"id":1209,"date":"2026-02-20T09:08:03","date_gmt":"2026-02-20T02:08:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/?p=1209"},"modified":"2026-02-20T09:08:04","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T02:08:04","slug":"khung-gam-va-khung-xe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/","title":{"rendered":"Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 khung xe<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Khung g\u1ea7m Chassis (1)<\/strong><\/sup> l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xe. Theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, khung g\u1ea7m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a xe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xe c\u1ed9, khung g\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 khung (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3) ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo, tay l\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o khung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khung xe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khung l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a xe. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khung thang l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Khung thang bao g\u1ed3m hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thanh ray khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u thanh ngang; do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 khung thang: hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thanh ngang, tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i thang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thanh ray khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ea7m ch\u1eef C, c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef C (xem H\u00ecnh 1.1). \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a d\u1ea7m ch\u1eef C \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a xe. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n khung d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe kh\u00e1c nhau. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf khung thang c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh x\u1eed l\u00fd, trong khi xe \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf khung linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng, khung linh ho\u1ea1t s\u1ebd xo\u1eafn d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, cho ph\u00e9p l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng trung (H\u1ea1ng 6 v\u00e0 7), d\u1ea7m ch\u1eef C c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1eeb 6 \u0111\u1ebfn 11 mm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea7m ch\u1eef C c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 15 mm. Chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ea7m ch\u1eef C n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng 250\u2013330 mm tr\u00ean xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
H\u00ecnh 1.1: Chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng thanh d\u1ea7m v\u00e0 khung thanh C<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Khung xe t\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a xe d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng khung. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a xe ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n nh\u00f4 ra ph\u00eda sau kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c khung kh\u00e1c nhau. Khung cho xe d\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c thanh ngang. H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thanh ngang s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t, khi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khung h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o (b\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i sau). Khung cho xe t\u1ea3i n\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp gia c\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, thanh ray khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thanh d\u1ea7m ch\u1eef C. Thanh ngang \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u00f3c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc kh\u00e1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 khung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh 1.2 cho th\u1ea5y khung thang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o. \u1ea2nh trong H\u00ecnh 1.2a cho th\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c thanh ray khung v\u1edbi hai thanh ngang. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u CAD(2)<\/strong><\/sup> trong H\u00ecnh 1.2b cho th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khung c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 m\u00f3c. H\u00ecnh 1.2b \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi: c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thanh ngang cu\u1ed1i k\u1ebft th\u00fac kh\u1ecfi khung. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng thanh ngang kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thanh ray khung (thanh d\u1ecdc). Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb sau ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sau: m\u1ed9t thanh ngang h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t thanh ngang h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef C v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thanh ngang treo d\u01b0\u1edbi (thanh ngang h\u00ecnh v\u00f2m), ph\u00ecnh ra ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi, cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 \u0111i qua b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ed9p s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
H\u00ecnh 1.2 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a khung xe \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i a v\u00e0 b cho th\u1ea5y xe \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c 4\u00d72 \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (Mercedes-Benz Actros) v\u00e0 c cho th\u1ea5y khung xe Freightliner Cascadia 6\u00d74. a l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh b v\u00e0 c l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u CAD. (\u1ea2nh: Daimler)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh 1.2c cho th\u1ea5y khung c\u1ee7a xe \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o Freightliner Cascadia 6\u00d74. Xe v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 khung d\u00e0i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi xe c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u do c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c sau song song v\u00e0 cabin d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai thanh ray khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thanh ray khung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i thanh ray khung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c g\u00f3c v\u00e1t \u1edf cu\u1ed1i khung trong H\u00ecnh 1.2 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u00e1y k\u00e9o. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng gian khi xe \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o v\u00e0 m\u00e1y k\u00e9o nghi\u00eang v\u00e0o nhau tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 tr\u00ean thanh ray khung cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1eafp cho b\u00e1nh xe th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. \u1ede khu v\u1ef1c tr\u1ee5c sau, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3nh khung ph\u1ea3i h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng gian b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh khung cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo v\u00e0 l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i. Kh\u00f4ng gian d\u00e0nh cho l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee1 l\u1ed1p kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp x\u00edch tuy\u1ebft. \u1ede khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 khung, thanh ray khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00f2e ra (cong ra ngo\u00e0i) \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng gian cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t. Thanh ngang \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf khung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng kho\u00e9t l\u1ed7 v\u00e0o khung \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eafn c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eabu l\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a thanh ray khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh theo t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i xe c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m khung n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong H\u00ecnh 1.2c). C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u1eabu l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a thanh ray khung, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n khung v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu l\u00f4ng linh ho\u1ea1t b\u00ean trong ma tr\u1eadn l\u1ed7. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf (Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u xem H\u00ecnh 1.2a).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
H\u00ecnh 1.3 K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i khung xe (\u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi) v\u1edbi khung ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n xe ben. Khung xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eabu l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. (\u1ea2nh: Michael Hilgers)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n xe kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed9t khung th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khung ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp tr\u00ean khung xe th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a xe. H\u00ecnh 1.3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch hai khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu l\u00f4ng v\u00e0o nhau tr\u00ean xe ben. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong H\u00ecnh 1.2c, khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eabu l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o trong khung khi c\u1ea7n l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n khung v\u00e0 g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o khung. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: khung c\u00f3 m\u1eabu l\u1ed7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 khung c\u00f3 m\u1eabu l\u1ed7 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m khung thay th\u1ebf<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Khung thang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi xe t\u1ea3i ra \u0111\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u1eabn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 theo th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Thay v\u00ec khung thang th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi hai thanh ch\u1ed1ng d\u1ecdc ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u thanh ch\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 thanh. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb c\u1ee7a khung l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi thanh ray v\u00e0 thanh ngang c\u1ee7a khung thang. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng 3 mm c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u1ea3 thi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady [17]. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng xo\u1eafn cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng xo\u1eafn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a khung thang ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o. Khung thang c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01a1n n\u1eefa: D\u1ec5 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 khung m\u00f4-\u0111un c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
H\u00ecnh 1.4 a Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m khung g\u1ea7m v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i trung t\u00e2m. \u1ed0ng trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a xe. b C\u00e1c n\u1eeda tr\u1ee5c xoay \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng off-road t\u1ed1t. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m xe n\u00e0y. c C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ee5c cao. (\u1ea2nh: Tatra)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m khung th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khung g\u1ea7m \u1ed1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng xem H\u00ecnh 1.4. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh. Ph\u00eda tr\u00ean khung g\u1ea7m \u1ed1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khung ph\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 mang th\u00e2n xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Xe d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ee5c. C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 xe c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 g\u00ec. Ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 xe c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau b\u00e1nh xe ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u00f4i. Ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e9o v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c b\u00e1nh xe: 8 x 4\/4<\/strong> –> c\u00f3 8 b\u00e1nh xe ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u00f4i (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n tr\u1ee5c). Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, hai tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hai tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p k\u00fd t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ed5 sung:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • NLA m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u1ee5c sau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • DNA l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c sau hai l\u1ed1p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • ENA l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c sau m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • VLA l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00ecnh 1.5 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c xe<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Khung xe mang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, cabin v\u00e0 th\u00e2n xe. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn g\u1eafn khung xe, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh d\u1ea7u diesel, b\u00ecnh AdBlue ho\u1eb7c DEF, h\u1ed9p \u1eafc quy, ch\u1eafn b\u00f9n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed n\u00e9n v\u00e0 phanh, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed tr\u00ean khung xe. C\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o khung xe. S\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh xe v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u01a1 s\u1edf, ph\u1ea7n nh\u00f4 ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau cho nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng, n\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed xe kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u00ecnh 1.6 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t xe t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9 v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean khung. Xem th\u00eam Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o khung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u00ean khung xe b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i theo phong c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch b\u00ecnh x\u0103ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 1.6 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed khung b\u1eb1ng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 xe t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9. (Minh h\u1ecda t\u1eeb t\u1edd r\u01a1i c\u1ee7a Nissan [2])<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gian \u1edf khung xe ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i sau khi x\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea7u diesel. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd n\u00f3ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ea3i ra kh\u00ed r\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng. B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed xe (v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u1eeda x\u1ea3 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sao cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng do kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i n\u00f3ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 cao su, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 80\u2013120 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo b\u00e1nh xe k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c v\u1edbi khung v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u00e1i xe an to\u00e0n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean th\u00e2n xe v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    L\u00f2 xo v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00f2 xo cho ph\u00e9p chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khung. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00f2 xo, xe s\u1ebd dao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng sau khi b\u00e1nh xe va v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5n h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a xe tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e1i xe \u00eam \u00e1i (cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi g\u1eb7p \u1ed5 g\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ed1p xe v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00f2 xo b\u1ed5 sung bao g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 cabin v\u00e0 gh\u1ebf treo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe t\u1ea3i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, hai nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng: h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo th\u00e9p v\u00ec l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p. C\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho xe t\u1ea3i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho xe k\u00e9o v\u00e0 s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo cu\u1ed9n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 tr\u00ean xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Unimog).<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 2.1 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a xe quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f5ng song song ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f5ng do l\u00f2 xo n\u00e2ng (l\u00f2 xo di chuy\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u0103n. \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00f5ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch khung g\u1ea7m x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u1ea3 hai b\u00e1nh xe\/c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean tr\u1ee5c xe di chuy\u1ec3n qua r\u00e3nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c qua g\u1edd gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ed9 l\u0103n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch xe ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau theo h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u1ed5 g\u00e0. Sau \u0111\u00f3, xe s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u0103n quanh tr\u1ee5c d\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a xe (tr\u1ee5c x, ch\u1ec9 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n). Nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf xe ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p: \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f5ng song song v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f5ng do \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00f2 xo v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5n m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. H\u00ecnh 2.1 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee9ng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i: Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f5ng song song, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5n (ho\u1eb7c r\u00e3nh gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5n), kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5n \u1edf b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c l\u0103n, \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c gi\u1ea3m khi hai b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c g\u1ea7n nhau h\u01a1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f5ng song song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t cho gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c l\u0103n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c. Nh\u00ecn chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t r\u00e3nh gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 l\u0103n c\u1ee7a xe. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u0103n v\u1edbi r\u00e3nh gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c h\u1eb9p, b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c c\u1ee9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi l\u00e1i xe k\u00e9m v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ngang v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u1ecdc. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed ngang \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean (qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u) n\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c b\u00ean (l\u1ef1c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng y) t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean b\u00e1nh xe. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi v\u00e0o cua ho\u1eb7c do \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u1ecdc gi\u1eef tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng x t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean b\u00e1nh xe. L\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c. Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n th\u00eam c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c: c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tay li\u00ean k\u1ebft (ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft, thanh, thanh) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong H\u00ecnh 2.3, thanh ch\u1eef V l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean hai m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng. H\u00ecnh 2.7 cho th\u1ea5y hai thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tay li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch theo h\u01b0\u1edbng x v\u00e0 y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi n\u1ebfu xe \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c thanh v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn theo c\u00e1ch v\u1eabn cho ph\u00e9p l\u00f2 xo di chuy\u1ec3n (h\u01b0\u1edbng z) c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb ngang c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thanh Panhard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ngang v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u00f2 xo th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed gi\u1eefa d\u1ea7m tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khung xe. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo th\u00e9p l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau\u2014ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00f2 xo nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee5m l\u00f2 xo. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 xe h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 (m\u1ed9t l\u00e1) \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u00edt t\u1ea3i h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    L\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo d\u1ea1ng l\u00e1 ph\u1eb3ng, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e1 c\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng parabol c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 xo. L\u00e1 c\u00f4n (l\u00e1 parabol) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p theo c\u1ea3 g\u00f3i l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n (m\u1ed9t) ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e1. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef l\u00e1 c\u00f4n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 parabol c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e1 n\u00e0o. L\u00e1 ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i cho nhau \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u0169 h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c g\u00f3i l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 ph\u1eb3ng x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00ec l\u00fd do tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i th\u00e9p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00f2 xo GFRP c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng1 v\u00ec l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi l\u00f2 xo th\u00e9p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng l\u00f2 xo n\u00e0y \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00ecnh 2.2b cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c sau cho xe t\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i. Hai l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 (x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng) \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00f2 xo trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 ph\u00eda tr\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu xe c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i, l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 ph\u00eda tr\u00ean s\u1ebd \u00e9p v\u00e0o l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai l\u00f2 xo \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 2.2 L\u00f2 xo l\u00e1. a B\u1ea3n v\u1ebd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u00f2 xo nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. b L\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c sau l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng trung c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb9, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00f2 xo v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Khi t\u1ea3i n\u1eb7ng, l\u00f2 xo th\u1ee9 hai ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi (\u1ea2nh: Daimler). c B\u1ed9 l\u00f2 xo nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e1 cho xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (n\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 2021). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng parabol c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb9, ba l\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh n\u1eb7ng, b\u1ed9 l\u00f2 xo d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o hai l\u00e1 b\u1ed5 sung ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00f2 xo. (\u1ea2nh: Michael Hilgers)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Trong H\u00ecnh 2.2c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: N\u1ebfu t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9, l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu xe c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i, l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u00e9p<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xe. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch l\u00f2 xo l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, xe c\u00f3 l\u00f2 xo th\u00e9p c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n xe c\u00f3 l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n. Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00f2 xo th\u00e9p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a xe thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ebfu xe c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a xe. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 cao khi di chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tr\u1ee5c Tandem<\/strong>
    V\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c tandem, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m l\u00f2 xo c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00f2 xo cho c\u1ea3 hai tr\u1ee5c. H\u00ecnh 2.3 cho th\u1ea5y tr\u1ee5c tandem sau c\u00f3 l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 d\u00e0nh cho xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng. So s\u00e1nh H\u00ecnh 2.2 v\u00e0 2.3, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 trong H\u00ecnh 2.3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o cho tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe cho ph\u00e9p cao h\u01a1n: t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f2 xo th\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng trung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00ecnh 2.4 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c sau song song \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u00f2 xo th\u00e9p ri\u00eang. Hai l\u00f2 xo th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00f9 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c: n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch cao, tr\u1ee5c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i di chuy\u1ec3n, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eafc l\u01b0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i cho tr\u1ee5c b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00f9 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho hai tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u00ecnh 2.5 cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00f9 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho xe c\u00f3 hai tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c t\u00fai kh\u00ed cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khung xe, v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a xe. L\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00ed n\u00e9n.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 2.4 Ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho tr\u1ee5c song song c\u00f3 b\u00f9 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u1edf n\u1eeda d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n sang tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi l\u00e1i xe v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo l\u00e1 th\u00e9p nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea3i. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed (xem b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi).<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 2.5 B\u1ea3n v\u1ebd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00f9 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Mercedes-Benz Actros\/Arocs. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1eeb tr\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 hai. (Minh h\u1ecda: Daimler)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c sau, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed (ho\u1eb7c t\u00fai kh\u00ed) v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i m\u1ed7i b\u00ean (hai \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i m\u1ed7i tr\u1ee5c) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1edbi hai \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i m\u1ed7i b\u00ean (b\u1ed1n \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i m\u1ed7i tr\u1ee5c). Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed hai \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed b\u1ed1n \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i. Tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed \u1edf m\u1ed7i b\u00ean. H\u00ecnh 2.6 cho th\u1ea5y \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng. H\u00ecnh 2.7 cho th\u1ea5y tr\u1ee5c sau c\u00f3 l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 2.6 \u1ed0ng th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a xe Mercedes-Benz Actros (Actros 3). (\u1ea2nh: Daimler)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    \u1ed0ng th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng (d\u1ecdc theo tr\u1ee5c z). V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng x v\u00e0 y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tay \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed: \u1ede B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp tr\u00ean l\u00f2 xo l\u00e1. L\u00f2 xo l\u00e1 cung c\u1ea5p h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 50% t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00f2 xo; l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00f2 xo b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec chi\u1ec1u cao d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00e0nh cho xe c\u00f3 l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a khung xe v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i b\u00e1nh xe th\u1ee9 n\u0103m so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c l\u00e1i xe, khung xe \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho xe \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e1i. L\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p th\u00eam kh\u00ed n\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng khung xe l\u00ean ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m kh\u00ed n\u00e9n trong \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p xe \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c m\u00f3c v\u00e0 th\u00e1o m\u00f3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p xe \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c sau c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p xe \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c c\u00f3\/c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, tr\u1ee5c sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp l\u00f2 xo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n
    v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, trong khi l\u00f2 xo th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c xe ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9). Xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e1i khung xe v\u00e0o b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a. Sau khi khung xe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a s\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y, xe (c\u00f3 th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a b\u00ean tr\u00ean) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eadp ch\u00e2n th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a l\u1ea1i\u2014xem H\u00ecnh 2.8 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft minh h\u1ecda.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n bu\u1ed3ng l\u00e1i, c\u00e1c n\u00fat tr\u00ean v\u00f4 l\u0103ng \u0111a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ri\u00eang, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb xe.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 2.8 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e2n xe ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Th\u00e2n xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eadp l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe. Xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n. V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p, xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00e2n xe ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e2n xe ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n. C\u00e1c ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n. \u1ea2nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y minh h\u1ecda cho r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c. (\u1ea2nh: Krone)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    C\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed. Nhi\u1ec1u van \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nhau cho ph\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed n\u00e9n (th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1eafc M\u1ef9), vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f3c v\u00e0 th\u00e1o m\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng van ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng van \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a khung tr\u00ean d\u1ea7m tr\u1ee5c (ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u). C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i. Th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ghi l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a xe, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd trong b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p chi\u1ec1u cao xe nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u1ebfu xe ch\u1ea1y nhanh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cu\u1ed9n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean xe t\u1ea3i trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m [3]. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn) gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a xe. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e9n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3c, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a xe. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng cho xe t\u1ea3i, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng\u2014nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a xe (chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay quanh tr\u1ee5c x v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c y), do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00eang v\u00e0 l\u1eafc. Do k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ee7 nhanh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i l\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u1ede Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i cho xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c xe \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong ECE-R 79 [2]. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn l\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e1c toa xe v\u00e0 xe ng\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i b\u00e0n xoay m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c (ho\u1eb7c l\u00e1i b\u00e0n xoay). V\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xoay t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 quay b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean qua xe. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 xe d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c g\u00f3c l\u00e1i l\u1edbn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec5u ch\u1ec9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong hai b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i (\u1ed5 g\u00e0) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh tay \u0111\u00f2n d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c\u2014xem v\u00ed d\u1ee5 H\u00ecnh 2.8 <\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 2.8 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e2n xe ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Th\u00e2n xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eadp l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe. Xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n. V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p, xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00e2n xe ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e2n xe ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo kh\u00ed n\u00e9n. C\u00e1c ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n. \u1ea2nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y minh h\u1ecda cho r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c. (\u1ea2nh: Krone)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Xe ba b\u00e1nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n xe l\u00e1i m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c. Chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe ba b\u00e1nh [4]. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i \u0111\u01a1n c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe mini d\u1ec5 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng xe ba b\u00e1nh, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Nam \u00c2u v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c1. H\u00ecnh 3.1 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 xe ba b\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 xe ti\u1ec7n \u00edch. Xe ba b\u00e1nh (3)<\/strong><\/sup> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Xe ba b\u00e1nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n xe c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i. Chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe ba b\u00e1nh [4]. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ecdn h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe mini d\u1ec5 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng xe ba b\u00e1nh, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Nam \u00c2u v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c1. H\u00ecnh 3.1 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 hay v\u1ec1 xe ba b\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 xe ti\u1ec7n \u00edch. Xe ba b\u00e1nh1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xe c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 3.1 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 xe ba b\u00e1nh l\u00e0m xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. a v\u00e0 b V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i chung; c xe ben, d xe tr\u1ed9n b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, e xe thu gom r\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p n\u0103m 2021\/2022 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. (\u1ea2nh: Michael Hilgers)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i xe t\u0103ng (ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1ee3t) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean xe t\u0103ng b\u1ecdc th\u00e9p, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe x\u00edch kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 xe x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i n\u00e0y, b\u00e1nh xe ho\u1eb7c x\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf hai b\u00ean xe. V\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e1i v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c phanh, n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e1i phanh. Do t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra xung quanh tr\u1ee5c th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 xe quay. C\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ESP ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng di chuy\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u ngang so v\u1edbi khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1ee3t khi\u1ebfn xe v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng cao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00e1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf xe. Xe c\u00f3 hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn xe\u2014c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c\u2014\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu xe kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i, c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c s\u1ebd quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u00e0o cua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch. Kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c xe x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y x\u00fac l\u1eadt b\u00e1nh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 xe ben t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. [5] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i \u00edt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i Ackermann\u2014xem M\u1ee5c 3.3 v\u00e0 3.4. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i Ackermann tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch, xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 xe bu\u00fdt(4)<\/strong><\/sup>. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian, mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i cao c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n cao. Xe v\u1eabn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u00e1c g\u00f3c l\u00e1i l\u1edbn (tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tay \u0111\u00f2n l\u1ef1c g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5u nh\u1ecf cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i Ackermann \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ee5c tr\u00ean xe c\u00f3 ba ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh quay v\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo b\u00e1nh xe tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Toe-in<\/strong> (\u0110\u1ed9 ch\u1ee5m<\/strong>) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng song song ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1eb3ng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t toe-in d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb toe-in \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh theo g\u00f3c toe-in ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa b\u00e1nh xe tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda sau (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o t\u1ea1i v\u00e0nh b\u00e1nh xe). N\u1ebfu kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u1edf m\u00e9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u1edf m\u00e9p sau c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe, th\u00ec toe-in l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong>. N\u1ebfu kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe khi di chuy\u1ec3n th\u1eb3ng ph\u00eda sau nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec toe-in l\u00e0 \u00e2m<\/strong>. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef toe-out c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. H\u00ecnh 3.2 minh h\u1ecda toe-in.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Do \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee5m d\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe b\u1ecb \u00e9p v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee5m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m xu h\u01b0\u1edbng rung l\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n (k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c) kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea1y th\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a xe. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xe ch\u1ea1y nhanh h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee5m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u1edf tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00e1i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c: V\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee5m, b\u00e1nh xe “b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i” c\u00f3 g\u00f3c l\u00e1i h\u01a1i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i. trong khi b\u00e1nh xe b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 g\u00f3c l\u00e1i h\u01a1i nh\u1ecf. V\u00ec b\u00e1nh xe b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n khi v\u00e0o cua n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a xe v\u00e0 k\u00e9o xe v\u00e0o kh\u00fac cua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    G\u00f3c camber<\/strong> l\u00e0 g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng. B\u00e1nh xe kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u00e0 nghi\u00eang ra ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o trong. N\u1ebfu b\u00e1nh xe nghi\u00eang ra ngo\u00e0i \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean (nh\u01b0 trong H\u00ecnh 3.3), th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 camber d\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 camber \u00e2m, b\u00e1nh xe nghi\u00eang v\u00e0o trong. \u0110\u1ed9 camber c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngang c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 3.3 Minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ed9 cong, b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nghi\u00eang v\u00e0 g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    C\u00e1c b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i tr\u1ee5c k\u00e9p quay quanh ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e1i. Ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng gian. C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i <\/strong>v\u00e0 g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang caster<\/strong> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 g\u00f3c m\u00e0 ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i nghi\u00eang ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda xe. Do \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i, xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a xe t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o g\u00f3c l\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u00e1i, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e1nh xe tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1eb3ng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng caster c\u0169ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i. G\u00f3c nghi\u00eang caster m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 g\u00f3c m\u00e0 ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i nghi\u00eang ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ph\u00eda sau. Do g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang caster, m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c quay (c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i) v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 caster. \u0110\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i v\u00e0 caster \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong H\u00ecnh 3.3. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i, do l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p, m\u00f4 men xo\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra quanh tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i. M\u00f4 men xo\u1eafn n\u00e0y ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i g\u00f3c l\u00e1i. G\u00f3c nghi\u00eang quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1nh tay \u0111\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 men xo\u1eafn. \u200b\u200bG\u00f3c nghi\u00eang c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec m\u00f4 men xo\u1eafn c\u00e0ng cao khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e1nh xe tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng caster c\u1ee7a xe \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0ng: c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a xe \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp sao cho t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng caster m\u1ea1nh gi\u1eefa tr\u1ee5c quay v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0103n ch\u1ec9nh \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    N\u1ebfu gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ma s\u00e1t gi\u1eefa m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u1ed1p xe thay \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u00f4 men ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u00e1i c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u1ef1c l\u00e1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Trong [6], ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ma s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The scrub radius<\/strong> B\u00e1n k\u00ednh ma s\u00e1t (b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u0103n l\u00e1i) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n (theo h\u01b0\u1edbng y) gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quay l\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe. \u0110\u1ed9 cong, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0nh xe x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ma s\u00e1t. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i (ph\u1ea7n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i) h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong xa h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trong H\u00ecnh 3.3, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ma s\u00e1t d\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i xa h\u01a1n, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ma s\u00e1t \u00e2m. B\u00e1n k\u00ednh ma s\u00e1t l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh tay \u0111\u00f2n m\u00e0 l\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c l\u1ed1p xe (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u1ed5 g\u00e0) s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay v\u00e0o tay l\u00e1i. B\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u0103n l\u00e1i nh\u1ecf khi\u1ebfn tay l\u00e1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt b\u1ecb gi\u1eadt h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai l\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ma s\u00e1t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn), h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i s\u1ebd gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1eb3ng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00e1n k\u00ednh ma s\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c khi phanh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ma s\u00e1t kh\u00e1c nhau cho l\u1ed1p b\u00ean tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i (\u03bc-split): Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng phanh s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c xe ph\u1ea3i r\u1ebd sang ph\u00eda c\u00f3 ma s\u00e1t cao h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ma s\u00e1t \u00e2m s\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i l\u00ean xe c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng r\u1ebd xe sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ma s\u00e1t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n l\u00e1i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i, c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a xe. B\u1ea3ng 3.1 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a xe. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a xe trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ngang (v\u00e0o cua) c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c, khung v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo tr\u1ee5c. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e1i, t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 l\u00e1i v\u00e0 ma s\u00e1t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Ackermann<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i (5)<\/strong><\/sup>. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 xe an to\u00e0n khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Xe ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh quay v\u00f2ng c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gian l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. L\u1ef1c l\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1edd tr\u00ean v\u00f4 l\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e1i (tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i) t\u1eeb cabin \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c xe c\u00f3 cabin tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 cabin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00eang. Tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00f9 cho chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2 xo t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa cabin v\u00e0 khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu g\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 khi va ch\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Ackermann l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i: n\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u khi v\u00e0o cua, tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe ph\u1ea3i giao nhau t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u00e1nh xe l\u0103n kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Ackermann cung c\u1ea5p g\u00f3c mong mu\u1ed1n cho t\u1eebng b\u00e1nh xe ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. V\u00ec l\u00fd do thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, g\u00f3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi g\u00f3c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 3.4 \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Ackermann v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Ackermann cho m\u1ed9t xe nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong h\u1ed9p nh\u1ecf: m\u1ed7i b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c Ackermann kh\u00e1c nhau. Tr\u1ee5c song song \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c n\u1eb1m \u1edf t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c song song<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00ecnh 3.4 cho th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Ackermann. \u03b4i<\/sub><\/strong> v\u00e0 \u03b4a<\/sub><\/strong> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 g\u00f3c l\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0o cua trong v\u00e0 v\u00e0o cua ngo\u00e0i, si<\/sub> <\/strong>v\u00e0 sa<\/sub><\/strong> l\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray m\u00e0 hai b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi fs<\/sub>. rs<\/sub> <\/strong>l\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh qu\u00e9t v\u00e0 r l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a xe. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sau \u0111\u00e2y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c g\u00f3c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 3.1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 3.2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cho v\u00f2ng quay nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c 3.2, n\u1ebfu \u03b4a;max<\/sub><\/strong> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 g\u00f3c l\u00e1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 3.3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    B\u00e1n k\u00ednh quay v\u00f2ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3) v\u00ec xe c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n nh\u00f4 ra \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda sau, nh\u01b0ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 3.5 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i h\u00ecnh thang<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    V\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 h, \u0111i\u1ec1u sau \u0111\u00e2y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho g\u00f3c l\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai b\u00e1nh xe:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 3.4<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 3.<\/span><\/strong>5<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    V\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 (6)<\/strong><\/sup>: c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c 3.6<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    G\u00f3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf khi v\u00e0o cua l\u1ec7ch so v\u1edbi g\u00f3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00ec l\u1ed1p xe v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i t\u1ea1o ra g\u00f3c tr\u01b0\u1ee3t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i Ackermann th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i Ackermann. H\u00ecnh 3.5<\/strong> minh h\u1ecda nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thang l\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i Ackermann khi\u1ebfn b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0o cua b\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n g\u00f3c l\u00e1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0o cua b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c g\u00f3c l\u00e1i trong h\u00ecnh thang l\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ba bi\u1ebfn. G\u00f3c h\u00ecnh thang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tay l\u00e1i \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u03b1 g, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u1ed1t l\u00e1i fa v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a tay l\u00e1i lSA x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00f3c l\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u03b4 a x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf b\u00e1nh xe ngo\u00e0i, n\u1ebfu \u03b4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c g\u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Ackermann c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c 3.6 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c l\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c l\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Ackermann ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u00ecnh thang l\u00e1i, ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e1i n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Ackermann \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00ecnh 3.6 cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe t\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 l\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e1i. Tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai kh\u1edbp v\u1ea1n n\u0103ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i g\u00f3c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft do kh\u00f4ng gian l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1ea1n n\u0103ng cho ph\u00e9p v\u00f4 l\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 cabin c\u00f3 v\u00f4 l\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00eang. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00f4 l\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 3.6 Minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m b\u01a1m tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i, b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 3.7 B\u00e1nh l\u00e1i th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c cho xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng. Tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean. Tay pitman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t b\u00edch \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh. a cho th\u1ea5y b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean. M\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ed5 sung. b l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u00e1i xe t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. c b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cho xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c: kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ea7u th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u01a1m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (a\u2013c) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. (\u1ea2nh: Bosch)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Trong xe t\u1ea3i c\u00f3 cabin tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, h\u1ed9p l\u00e1i (c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e1i) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i cardan (l\u1ed7i gimbal) g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00f4 l\u0103ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e1i. L\u1ed7i cardan g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh sin v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea7u ra. V\u1edbi hai kh\u1edbp v\u1ea1n n\u0103ng trong tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i, hai kh\u1edbp v\u1ea1n n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp sao cho c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i (g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0) b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb cho nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 pha kh\u1edbp ch\u1eef U.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay c\u1ee7a tay pitman. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y di chuy\u1ec3n li\u00ean k\u1ebft k\u00e9o qua l\u1ea1i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, kh\u1edbp l\u00e1i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xoay qua tay l\u00e1i, m\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng qua \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c b\u00e1nh xe. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e1i trong xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i bi tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n. Tr\u00ean xe t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i thanh r\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng (nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tay pitman v\u00e0 tay l\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa g\u00f3c v\u00f4 l\u0103ng v\u00e0 g\u00f3c l\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe. T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 l\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1:17 \u0111\u1ebfn 1:23<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i v\u00e0 b\u01a1m tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00e0i x\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00f4 l\u0103ng. B\u01a1m tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u01a1m tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. Khi di chuy\u1ec3n th\u1eb3ng, ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c ch\u1ea3y \u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n th\u1ea5p qua b\u01a1m tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e1i v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i. N\u1ebfu t\u00e0i x\u1ebf xoay v\u00f4 l\u0103ng, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng qua thanh xo\u1eafn v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng van \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u1ee7a piston t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9p trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e1i. Piston n\u00e0y khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb v\u00f4 l\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i x\u1ebf c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi xe. B\u01a1m tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sao cho ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ma s\u00e1t cao gi\u1eefa l\u1ed1p xe v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean. V\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cao t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c. Khi l\u00e1i xe, tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t m\u00e0 b\u01a1m tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ec3
    gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, b\u01a1m th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c theo t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i xe (l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p khi di chuy\u1ec3n th\u1eb3ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    N\u1ebfu tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 xoay v\u00f4 l\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 b\u1eafp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00ecnh 3.7 cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i cho xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng. C\u00e1c \u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 b\u01a1m th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a d\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong (a) v\u00e0 (b) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u1ede Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 xoay v\u00f4 l\u0103ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, xe ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c xe c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua b\u00e1nh xe\/tr\u1ee5c\/tr\u1ee5c ch\u00e2n v\u1ecbt v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 khi xe l\u0103n. M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thay th\u1ebf thay th\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 hai b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu m\u1ea1ch l\u00e1i ch\u00ednh b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c. M\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1ch k\u00e9p. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ed5 sung, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i [8].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Trong xe t\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb pin ho\u1eb7c pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u), b\u01a1m l\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u01a1m l\u00e1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i xe c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 b\u01a1m l\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i b\u1ed5 sung<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Xe c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tr\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1i. H\u00ecnh 2.5 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 cho th\u1ea5y hai tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1i. Xe c\u00f3 ba tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai. Tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c k\u00e9o. M\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn tr\u00ean m\u00e1y k\u00e9o ba tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong H\u00ecnh 3.8. M\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i quay theo c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u00e0o cua.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 3.8 Tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o ba tr\u1ee5c. (\u1ea2nh: Scania)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    So v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee9ng, c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c b\u1ed5 sung l\u00e1i c\u00f3 hai \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m: b\u00e1n k\u00ednh quay v\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a xe tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n – m\u1ed9t \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 khi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n – v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c sau l\u00e1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i xe: \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 25 km\/h, c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c sau quay theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u00e1n k\u00ednh quay v\u00f2ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, g\u00f3c l\u00e1i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c b\u1ed5 sung s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m. N\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e1i xe, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 g\u00f3c l\u00e1i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 45 km\/h), tr\u1ee5c sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e1i n\u1eefa. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n, h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e1i xe \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a xe ba tr\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c b\u1ed5 sung l\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e1i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c sau c\u0169ng b\u1ecb v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a khi l\u00f9i ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c b\u1ed5 sung l\u00e1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n d\u00e0nh cho xe t\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong Ph\u1ea7n 1.3, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o khung c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p l\u1edbn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 cabin, th\u00e2n xe, tr\u1ee5c xe v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng (c\u00f3 t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch ri\u00eang trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i n\u00e0y). Cabin, th\u00e2n xe v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y k\u00e9o, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh khung. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn theo chi\u1ec1u ngang. H\u00ecnh 4.1 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n g\u1eafn v\u00e0o khung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1edbi khung g\u1ea7m. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho xe c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf n\u01a1i d\u1ea7u diesel r\u1ebb h\u01a1n. B\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 1500 L \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u gi\u00fap xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1n 4000 km m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u (H\u00ecnh 4.2). \u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y b\u00ecnh 300 gallon, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 1136 L, cho ph\u00e9p di chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1n 2000 d\u1eb7m cho m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 xe c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd di chuy\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n qua c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u diesel th\u1ea5p. B\u00ecnh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u1edbn c\u0169ng gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, gi\u00fap t\u00e0i x\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn k\u1ebf to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy tr\u00ecnh thanh to\u00e1n \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 t\u00edch b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i [18] c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (H\u00ecnh 4.3).<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 4.1 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh khung ho\u1eb7c treo d\u01b0\u1edbi khung. b\u00e1nh xe d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng b b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed c b\u00e1nh xe d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed treo \u1edf gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 chung d h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i e b\u00ecnh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u f b\u00ecnh AdBlue g ch\u1eb7n h \u0111\u00e8n h\u1eadu i ch\u1eafn b\u00f9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n h\u1eadu k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p j b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 g\u1ea7m ph\u00eda sau v\u1edbi m\u00f3c k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ea7u bi g\u1eafn v\u00e0o. (\u1ea2nh: Daimler c, d, e, f, g, i, j) v\u00e0 Michael Hilgers (a, b, h))<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t b\u00ean \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef L th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft v\u00edt v\u00e0o khung. B\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2y \u0111ai bu\u1ed9c. \u1ede b\u00ean trong b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng b\u1ecb ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Trong khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn tr\u00ean xe t\u1ea3i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho t\u1eebng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 hai ng\u0103n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u diesel c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Sau khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u r\u1ebb h\u01a1n t\u1eeb ng\u0103n ch\u1ee9a th\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 hai s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t van cho ph\u00e9p l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin<\/strong>, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u00ecnh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y. Thay v\u00ec b\u00ecnh (v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3), pin truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 pin k\u00e9o, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c xe (xem M\u1ee5c 1.3). Pin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 n\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed pin truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean khung g\u1ea7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y k\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng gian l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u01a1i kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u00edch c\u1ee1 b\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau, xe t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin kh\u00e1c nhau [18] v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch pin kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 4.2 T\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng gian l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a xe \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a. (\u1ea2nh: Daimler)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 4.3 Th\u1ec3 t\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a. C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh H\u00ecnh 4.4 cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t pin trong m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y k\u00e9o (b) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xe t\u1ea3i s\u00e0n ph\u1eb3ng 3 tr\u1ee5c (a). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe bu\u00fdt \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi 4 m, kh\u00f4ng di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 nhanh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u00ean n\u00f3c xe th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed9 pin tr\u00ean n\u00f3c xe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u2013 H\u00ecnh 4.4 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh (c). C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eb7ng b\u1ed5 sung tr\u00ean n\u00f3c xe. T\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, xe t\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i pin \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee5m pin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o ra v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t pin \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i l\u00e2u cho xe t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i pin, pin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m sau cabin tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh khung xe\u2014H\u00ecnh 4.4 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh (d).<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 4.4 B\u1ed9 pin cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea9y (pin k\u00e9o) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean khung xe c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, pin d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp ngang v\u1edbi khung xe (h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh a v\u00e0 b). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe bu\u00fdt \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp pin tr\u00ean n\u00f3c xe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean\u2014xem h\u00ecnh c. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i pin ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 pin l\u1edbn ph\u00eda sau cabin ph\u00eda tr\u00ean khung xe. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i pin b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c tr\u00ean cao. d cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y k\u00e9o Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i pin. (\u1ea2nh: Daimler (a v\u00e0 c), Volvo Trucks (b), Michael Hilgers (d))<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 \u1eafc quy gi\u1eef \u1eafc quy kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u1eaec quy kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng (220 Ah) n\u1eb7ng kho\u1ea3ng 50 kg v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n hai \u1eafc quy \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p 24 V \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u1ede B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n \u1eafc quy (12 V) t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u00ean xe. Trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh xe, gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 \u1eafc quy ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed9p \u1eafc quy n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00ean h\u00f4ng khung. Hai \u1eafc quy th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh nhau \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng gian l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau. H\u1ed9p \u1eafc quy ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a \u1eafc quy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e1y k\u00e9o, kh\u00f4ng gian l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf b\u00ean h\u00f4ng khung b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. Do \u0111\u00f3, pin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thanh ray khung ho\u1eb7c \u1edf ph\u00eda sau xe. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c\u2014xem H\u00ecnh 4.5 cho th\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9p pin \u1edf ph\u00eda sau xe \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c xe \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o cabin tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a xe c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi pin \u1edf ph\u00eda sau tr\u1ee5c, khi xe ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c.<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"
    H\u00ecnh 4.5 H\u1ed9p \u1eafc quy v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed n\u00e9n \u1edf ph\u00eda sau t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p xe \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c. (\u1ea2nh: DAF)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed n\u00e9n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phanh<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed tr\u00ean khung. C\u00e1c b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed n\u00e9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian. V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phanh, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau cho t\u1eebng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 xe (chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u01a1 s\u1edf, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch b\u00ecnh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn b\u00f9n<\/strong> ng\u0103n b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eafn tung t\u00f3e t\u1eeb b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia giao th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5m \u1ed1p h\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00f4ng xe<\/strong> che ph\u1ee7 hai b\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia giao th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xe c\u00f3 l\u1ed1p d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. Ch\u1eb7n b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh xe \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp tr\u00ean khung xe. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1. Do tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nh\u00f4 ra r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tr\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Tr\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong xe. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo <\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • L\u0103n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Phanh<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • D\u1eabn l\u00e1i<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • D\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Ba ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, treo l\u00f2 xo v\u00e0 l\u0103n<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a xe. Tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c xe, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng phanh. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp tr\u00ean xe, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh xe\u2014xem H\u00ecnh 1.5 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c sau. Tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01a1n, trong khi tr\u1ee5c sau th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i. Lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo tr\u1ee5c (l\u00f2 xo th\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed n\u00e9n) v\u00e0 phanh (tang tr\u1ed1ng\/\u0111\u0129a) t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 tr\u1ee5c h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c (tr\u01b0\u1edbc) m\u00e0 c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c cong. C\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc cong xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian h\u01a1n cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00eda tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p l\u1eafp \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc cong l\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1ng g\u1ea7m xe cao h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 tr\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng hai c\u1ea5p. H\u00ecnh 5.1 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bcho m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o xem x\u00e9t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a d\u1ea7m tr\u1ee5c. T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong 96\/53\/EC (xem th\u00eam [9]<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n

      \n
      \"\"
      M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c. Nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 tr\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ee5c t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c (kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn trong h\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y xem v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

      Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 xe v c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau t\u1eeb t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 tr\u1ee5c l\u00e0 iaxle<\/sub>, t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 igear<\/sub> v\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1ed1p l\u00e0 rdyn<\/sub>:<\/p>\n\n\n

      \n
      \"\"
      Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 5.1<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

      \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n mong mu\u1ed1n, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 xe \u1edf s\u1ed1 cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng leo d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o xem x\u00e9t khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ee5c iaxle<\/sub>. T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 tr\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean xe t\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa tr\u1ee5c iaxle<\/sub> = 2 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c iaxle<\/sub> = 6. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong [10].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      M\u00f4 men xo\u1eafn, \u0111i qua tr\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 men xo\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a xe, t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong m\u00f4 men xo\u1eafn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng (ph\u1ed5 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o) m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n

      \n
      \"\"
      H\u00ecnh 5.2 Tr\u1ee5c xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng. a Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c sau d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 phanh \u0111\u0129a. b Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 phanh \u0111\u0129a. Tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e1i. Tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ea7m tr\u1ee5c, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gh\u1ebf l\u00f2 xo<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

      Tr\u1ee5c xe t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee9ng (H\u00ecnh 5.2). C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ea7m tr\u1ee5c (ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecf tr\u1ee5c), \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng tr\u1ee5c. D\u1ea7m tr\u1ee5c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c b\u00e1nh xe sao cho l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00ean tr\u1ee5c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1ed5 g\u00e0) c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1nh xe \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      H\u00ecnh 5.3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea7m tr\u1ee5c. Do \u0111\u00f3, hai v\u1ec7t b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n

      \n
      \"\"
      H\u00ecnh 5.3 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ed9c \u200b\u200bl\u1eadp cho tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng. (Minh h\u1ecda: Xe t\u1ea3i Volvo)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

      Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ed9c \u200b\u200bl\u1eadp v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. V\u00ec l\u00fd do tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd xe, xe bu\u00fdt th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ed9c \u200b\u200bl\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xe \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ed9c \u200b\u200bl\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c xe t\u1ea3i. H\u00ecnh 5.3 cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ed9c \u200b\u200bl\u1eadp d\u00e0nh cho xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      V\u1ecf tr\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      V\u1ecf tr\u1ee5c l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. V\u1ecf tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i (\u0111\u1ec7m l\u00f2 xo, s\u1ed1 8 trong H\u00ecnh 5.6 v\u00e0 xem H\u00ecnh 5.2), cho ph\u00e9p k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ee5c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo. V\u00f2ng bi b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 phanh n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf tr\u1ee5c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c tr\u1ee5c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp b\u00ean trong v\u1ecf tr\u1ee5c. V\u1ecf tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00fac ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c r\u00e8n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng trung t\u00e2m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tr\u1ee5c hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong tr\u1ee5c, g\u1ea7n b\u00e1nh xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Trong xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong, truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c trung t\u00e2m lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c tr\u1ee5c. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong tr\u00ean xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc, n\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, h\u1ed9p s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng ch\u1ea1y vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe (wheels) (7)<\/strong><\/sup>. B\u00e1nh r\u0103ng tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quay h\u01b0\u1edbng truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qua 90\u00b0. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng: m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u00f4n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"
      a Minh h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u00f4n trung t\u00e2m tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng. b v\u00e0 c Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng xo\u1eafn. \u200b\u200bd Minh h\u1ecda b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng hypoid<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      N\u1ebfu tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0nh c\u1eaft nhau, b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng nh\u1ecf n\u1eb1m ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng hypoid v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c hypoid. H\u00ecnh 5.4 l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u00f4n. C\u00e1c r\u0103ng gi\u1eefa b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u00f4n v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u00f4n xo\u1eafn t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng hypoid. Do di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c r\u0103ng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u0103n-tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a r\u0103ng, b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng hypoid c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3: r\u0103ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i cao h\u01a1n, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd d\u00e0i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Ngo\u00e0i b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng nh\u1ecf, h\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c trung t\u00e2m c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng vi sai. B\u00e1nh r\u0103ng vi sai ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng vi sai ngang \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o, khi v\u00e0o cua, b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0o cua ngo\u00e0i quay nhanh h\u01a1n b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0o cua trong. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u0103n c\u1ee7a hai b\u00e1nh xe kh\u00e1c nhau khi v\u00e0o cua(8)<\/strong><\/sup>. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng vi sai (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00e1c): b\u1ed9 vi sai, bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0nh v\u00e0 quay c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0nh. H\u00ecnh 5.5 cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng nh\u1ecf, b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0nh v\u00e0 vi sai. M\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn hai tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe (tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng) quay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng nhau, c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng vi sai kh\u00f4ng quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u nhau v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ma s\u00e1t b\u00ean trong n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      S\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc do th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u1edbi ma s\u00e1t \u00edt h\u01a1n, b\u00e1nh xe quay nhanh h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean tr\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng nhau, th\u00ec m\u00f4 men xo\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 50:50) cho c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch, b\u1ed9 vi sai c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn: t\u1ed5ng l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi b\u00e1nh xe c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn quay. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, b\u00e1nh xe quay. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u00e1nh xe kia b\u00e1m t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, xe s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u00fac nh\u00edch m\u1ed9t inch n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do m\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5c g\u1eb7p h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t cao kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n. B\u1ed9 vi sai ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c quay \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1nh xe c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t th\u1ea5p. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sinh khi (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t) m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe g\u1eb7p h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u0103ng \u0111en ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"
      B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 vi sai<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3a vi sai v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t (ASR).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      ASR cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 phanh m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe \u0111ang quay \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, b\u00e1nh xe c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t cao s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o. N\u00f3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c phanh c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe \u0111ang quay v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 xe s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 thi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 kh\u00f3a vi sai. Kh\u00f3a vi sai n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f3a vi sai v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1nh xe b\u1eb1ng nhau \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean tr\u1ee5c. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay kh\u00e1c nhau cho hai b\u00ean tr\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. C\u1ea3 hai b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c tr\u1ee5c quay c\u00f9ng nhau gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt r\u1eafn. Khi v\u00e0o cua tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, vi sai b\u1ecb kh\u00f3a (kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng) s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c l\u1ed1p xe c\u1ecd x\u00e1t, khi\u1ebfn l\u1ed1p xe b\u1ecb m\u00f2n nhanh h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi sai ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do (m\u1edf kh\u00f3a) khi xe \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p hai tr\u1ee5c sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng (ho\u1eb7c hai tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng). M\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ed9p chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t b\u00edch th\u1ee9 hai. M\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi m\u1eb7t b\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u ra n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng trung gian. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 vi sai li\u00ean tr\u1ee5c cho ph\u00e9p hai tr\u1ee5c quay \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 vi sai li\u00ean tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3a vi sai li\u00ean tr\u1ee5c. H\u00ecnh 5.6 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng tr\u1ee5c ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed5 sung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n

      \n
      \"\"
      H\u00ecnh 5.6 Minh h\u1ecda tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t cho tr\u1ee5c song song tr\u00ean xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng. M\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c hai c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c tr\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. Tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 phanh \u0111\u0129a, b\u1ed9 vi sai gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 vi sai ngang v\u1edbi kh\u00f3a vi sai. (Minh h\u1ecda: Daimler)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

      Tr\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi hai b\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c trung t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c trong moay \u01a1. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng b\u1ed5 sung ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh. B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n trong tr\u1ee5c. Trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p (ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng) \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c k\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c v\u1edbi b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng pignon. Theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ma s\u00e1t b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      B\u00e1nh r\u0103ng tr\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

      Ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m, lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, tr\u1ee5c hai c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c. B\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng h\u00e0nh tinh ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n b\u00e1nh xe l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n b\u00e1nh xe. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n. Tr\u1ee5c hai c\u1ea5p c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0nh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n (v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n chung c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c cao h\u01a1n), do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9p tr\u1ee5c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1ng g\u1ea7m xe d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng tr\u1ee5c l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hai b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m trong tr\u1ee5c. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng tr\u1ee5c n\u1eb7ng, c\u00f3 ma s\u00e1t b\u00ean trong cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n. H\u00ecnh 5.6 cho th\u1ea5y tr\u1ee5c hai c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng tr\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng h\u00e0nh tinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"
      H\u00ecnh 5.7 Tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a xe Mercedes-Benz Unimog: tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe. B\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c truy\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1nh xe. H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda b\u00ean tr\u00e1i cho th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m b\u00e1nh xe (2) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u1ee5c (3) v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1ng g\u1ea7m xe t\u0103ng l\u00ean nh\u1edd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y. B\u00ean ph\u1ea3i: \u1ea2nh tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed5ng tr\u00ean xe Unimog. (H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh: Daimler)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      Tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed5ng<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1ng g\u1ea7m xe. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1y ph\u00eda tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1ng g\u1ea7m xe. T\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5c b\u00e1nh xe, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c. H\u00ecnh 5.7 cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n b\u00e1nh xe trong tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a Unimog. Tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed5ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean xe bu\u00fdt \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed5ng m\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1y ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ed1i \u0111i gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a khoang h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch sao cho \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u1ea5p so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean xe bu\u00fdt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tr\u1ee5c n\u00e2ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Xe c\u00f3 3 tr\u1ee5c tr\u1edf l\u00ean (c\u1ea3 xe k\u00e9o v\u00e0 xe s\u00e0n ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee9ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ea7n cao h\u01a1n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 2 tr\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu xe kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea3i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00eam ma s\u00e1t. Khi l\u00e1i xe th\u1eb3ng, ma s\u00e1t b\u1ed5 sung s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Khi v\u00e0o cua, xe c\u00f3 3 tr\u1ee5c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m l\u1ed1p xe m\u00f2n h\u01a1n v\u00ec l\u1ed1p xe ph\u1ea3i c\u1ecd x\u00e1t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee5c n\u00e2ng: N\u1ebfu xe kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c sau v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c b\u00e1nh xe 6\u00d72 (xem M\u1ee5c 1.2), tr\u1ee5c n\u00e2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n: Tr\u1ee5c sau kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 xe 6\u00d72 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh xe 4\u00d72. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c xe ch\u1ea1y khi c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 quay l\u1ea1i khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 xe giao \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1o r\u1eddi trong xe 6\u00d74<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Trong c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh xe 6\u00d74, c\u1ea3 hai tr\u1ee5c sau \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng m\u1ed9t trong hai tr\u1ee5c sau c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tinh vi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n: Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t trong hai tr\u1ee5c trong tr\u1ee5c song song (tr\u1ee5c \u1edf ph\u00eda sau) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1o r\u1eddi. Trong tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c sau th\u1ee9 hai b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. Tr\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 hai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eefa v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi xe 6\u00d72 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a xe gi\u1ea3m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u\u2014ma s\u00e1t b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quay trong tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 hai b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1o r\u1eddi trong xe 6\u00d74 cho ph\u00e9p xe chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c b\u00e1nh xe 6\u00d74 sang c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c b\u00e1nh xe 4\u00d72. Xe 6\u00d74 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh xe 4\u00d72 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng xe \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea3i theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 xe ben v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Xe d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1n b\u00e1nh \u2014Tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c xe d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1n b\u00e1nh. Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 xe c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng. Tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed9p truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c sau d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c tr\u1ee5c v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p trong tr\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean xe t\u1ea3i, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c (HAD\u2014Hydraulic Auxiliary Drive) [16, 19] trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c xe c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c b\u1ed5 sung c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c sau th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng qua tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp trong xe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01a1m th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh. Xe c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u00e1nh xe th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u01a1m th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c cho tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 tr\u1ee5c b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a d\u1ea7u th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i van c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Khi d\u1ea7u n\u00f3ng l\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ea3y qua b\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a d\u1ea7u l\u1edbn l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ea7u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. H\u00ecnh 5.8 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t HAD trong xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      N\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee7, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd t\u1eaft. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u1ed5 sung v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t sinh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng do ma s\u00e1t t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u1edf tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1n b\u00e1nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi h\u1ed9p s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5, tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u00e2y ra m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u1ed5 sung cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5 th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1n b\u00e1nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n (tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n 350\u2014500 kg so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc) v\u00e0 \u00edt t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang t\u1eaft \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1n b\u00e1nh v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tr\u1ee5c cho xe t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Tr\u1ee5c xe t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho xe t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c xe th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ed9p s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng). B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi xe t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng: \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 thay th\u1ebf ICE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tr\u1ee5c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n. B\u1ecf qua tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u0103ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o tr\u1ee5c. Trong b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0y, tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c v\u1eabn vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi nhau. Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c quay. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u00f4n (pinion) v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng hypoid (b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1eb3ng h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed sao cho tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang song song v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c b\u00e1nh xe. Trong c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb song song gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u1ea1m vi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n theo t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc (v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, tr\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi h\u1ed9p s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng gi\u1eefa tr\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec7n iaxle<\/sub> v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng igear<\/sub> nh\u01b0 trong C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c 5.1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u1eefa. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng itotal<\/sub> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n ne-motor<\/sub> v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a xe vvehicle<\/sub> sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"
      Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 5.2<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      H\u00ecnh 5.9 cho th\u1ea5y s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau cho tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o khung (a1 v\u00e0 b1 trong H\u00ecnh 5.9) ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o tr\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng treo cao h\u01a1n, g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi l\u00e1i xe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o khung c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau n\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo c\u1ee7a xe \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      H\u00ecnh 5.10 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong H\u00ecnh 5.9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"
      H\u00ecnh 5.10 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ee5c xe t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i (in nghi\u00eang) trong ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau cho tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng trong xe t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u1ea2nh t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i, t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi: ZF, Allison, Dana, CumminsMeritor, ZF<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      (*)<\/strong><\/sup> \u0110\u00f4i khi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef tricyle \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho xe ba b\u00e1nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef tricycle ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ebb em s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (**)<\/strong><\/sup> Vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i \u1edf tr\u1ee5c sau th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho xe n\u00e2ng, m\u00e1y x\u00fac l\u1eadt, v.v., v\u00ec v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 c\u00e0ng n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea7u x\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i tr\u1ee5c sau thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ECE-R 79 [2] (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (***)<\/strong> <\/sup>Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t nhanh, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e1i v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (****)<\/strong> <\/sup>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 3.2, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c cho cos \u03b4a<\/sub> v\u00e0 cos \u03b4i<\/sub> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 cot = cos\/sin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      L\u1ed1p xe<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      Theo Michael Schumacher, trong \u0111ua xe C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c 1, l\u1ed1p xe l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng thua c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua. Trong kinh doanh xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eafng thua, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ed1p xe kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      L\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i (duy nh\u1ea5t) gi\u1eefa xe v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean xe ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed1p xe truy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u2014xem H\u00ecnh 6.1. L\u1ed1p xe quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c ngang v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u1ee7a xe. Mi\u1ebfng v\u00e1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u1ed1p tr\u00ean l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 A4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u1ed1p xe c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe. Trong ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, l\u1ed1p xe chi\u1ebfm 2,3% t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed [11]. M\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed d\u1ea7u diesel c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ed1p xe. Ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u1ed1p xe ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n h\u1ecfng xe t\u1ea3i [15]\u2014xem H\u00ecnh 6.2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, l\u1ed1p xe l\u0103n tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1 s\u1eafc nh\u1ecdn, xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u0169ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c \u01b0\u1edbt khi tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y tuy\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c b\u0103ng v\u00e0 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00e1 c\u00e2y. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p xe kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0m l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho t\u1eebng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ed1p xe th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p xe kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gai l\u1ed1p, h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p cao su v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong. H\u00ecnh 6.3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 gai l\u1ed1p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n

      \n
      \"\"
      H\u00ecnh 6.1 L\u1ed1p xe l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac duy nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa xe v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
      \n
      \"\"
      H\u00ecnh 6.2 \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 xe t\u1ea3i ADAC (c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c) trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2007\u20132012: l\u1ed1p xe l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 xe t\u1ea3i [2]<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

      C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ed1p xe<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      M\u1eb7t l\u1ed1p l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u0103n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u1ed1p c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t gai \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap l\u1ed1p t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t gai c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p. Khung l\u1ed1p l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang trong cao su. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u1edf m\u00e9p trong c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t l\u1ed1p, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00e0nh b\u00e1nh xe. H\u1ea1t l\u1ed1p bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i th\u00e9p ngo\u1ea1i vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang trong cao su. B\u00ean trong l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p cao su \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n. L\u1edbp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp l\u00f3t ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp l\u00f3t trong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"
      H\u00ecnh 6.3 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p kh\u00e1c nhau cho xe t\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng. (\u1ea2nh: L\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i Continental)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      L\u1ed1p \u0111\u1eafp l\u1ea1i
      Khi l\u1ed1p b\u1ecb m\u00f2n, xe t\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p c\u00f2n t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nh\u1ecf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n. C\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp cao su m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o th\u00f9ng [3]. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1nh bao g\u1ed3m li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n cao su gai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi v\u1ecf xe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n cao su \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u h\u00f3a tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gai, v\u00e0o v\u1ecf b\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 l\u01b0u h\u00f3a, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u01b0u h\u00f3a (c\u1ee9ng h\u00f3a) c\u1ee7a cao su gai, t\u1ea1o ra hoa v\u0103n gai v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00f3 v\u1edbi v\u1ecf l\u1ed1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p xe<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00f3 l\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. L\u1ed1p xe l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • L\u1ed1p xe v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i (Long-haul) <\/strong>r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n, gi\u00fap kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • L\u1ed1p si\u00eau r\u1ed9ng (Super-wide tires)<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01a1n si\u00eau r\u1ed9ng. V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01a1n h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u00edt n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng u\u1ed1n cong h\u01a1n l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n(*)<\/strong><\/sup>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u1ed1p si\u00eau r\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i. L\u1ed1p si\u00eau r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00ec l\u1ed1p si\u00eau r\u1ed9ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb m\u00f2n h\u01a1n khi v\u00e0o cua.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • L\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh<\/strong> (Off-road)<\/strong> r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gai l\u1ed1p th\u00f4. L\u1ed1p xe ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i \u1edf gai l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1ed1p do \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ecfi g\u00e2y ra. Gai l\u1ed1p th\u00f4 gi\u00fap gai l\u1ed1p kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00e1m qu\u00e1 nhanh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • L\u1ed1p xe m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng (Winter tires) <\/strong>t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t t\u1ed1t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e1i v\u00e0 phanh t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u0103ng. L\u1ed1p xe m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng cho xe t\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed1i gai nh\u1ecf. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi l\u1ed1p xe l\u0103n, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gai l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean gai l\u1ed1p. C\u00e1c khe nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i gai c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i gai bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e1i xe \u0111i, c\u00e1c khe ho\u1eb7c r\u00e3nh s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea1nh b\u00e1m gi\u00fap t\u0103ng l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed1p xe m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. \u1ede \u0110\u1ee9c, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u00ean xe ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft. \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, l\u1ed1p xe m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy tr\u00ecnh phanh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c, l\u1ed1p xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c <\/strong>t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, v\u1edbi l\u1ed1p xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau: c\u00f3 l\u1ed1p cho tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i, tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c v\u00e0 s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        L\u1ed1p cho tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 gai c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecdc m\u1ea1nh so v\u1edbi l\u1ed1p cho tr\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c l\u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u1ed1p s\u01a1 mi r\u01a1 mo\u00f3c.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        H\u00ecnh 6.4 minh h\u1ecda n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe t\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ed1p xe c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ed1p xe c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf, an to\u00e0n khi l\u00e1i xe, s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ed1p xe v\u00e0 khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ed1p xe ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Trong H\u00ecnh 6.5, c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"\"
        H\u00ecnh 6.4 C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n th\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u mong mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o, qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cao v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ed1p xe theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u1ed1p xe mong mu\u1ed1n: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cao su, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a gai l\u1ed1p; v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe, ph\u1ea7n khung, \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh vi mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng l\u1ed1p xe<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong H\u00ecnh 6.6 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1p xe:<\/p>\n\n\n

        \n
        \"\"
        H\u00ecnh 6.5 C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
        \n
        \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
          \n
        1. Chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng milim\u00e9t. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng c\u0169 h\u01a1n, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed1p xe t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng inch v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. L\u1ed1p xe c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng 12 R 22.5 r\u1ed9ng 12 in.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa chi\u1ec1u cao th\u00e0nh l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 80 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe b\u1eb1ng 80% chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        3. M\u1ed9t k\u00fd t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p: R l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 ch\u00e9o (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 ch\u00e9o ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 ch\u00e9o). L\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean xe t\u1ea3i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        4. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u00e0nh b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng inch (1in. = 2,54 cm)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        5. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. Tab. 6.1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        6. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        7. M\u1ed9t k\u00fd t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. M\u00e3 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong Tab. 6.2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        8. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean l\u1ed1p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        9. L\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 l\u00e0 l\u1ed1p kh\u00f4ng s\u0103m hay l\u1ed1p ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u0103m (lo\u1ea1i s\u0103m).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ed5 sung tr\u00ean l\u1ed1p xe:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • T\u00ean nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u khu v\u1ef1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng M + S ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng b\u00f4ng tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u1ed1p xe cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • X\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u1edbp l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a khung l\u1ed1p. C\u00f3 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho m\u1eb7t l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1ed1p. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp m\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1eefa.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p, theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng pound (lbs), v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t b\u01a1m h\u01a1i t\u1ed1i \u0111a t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng psi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi tr\u00ean l\u1ed1p. Tab. 6.3 cung c\u1ea5p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb SI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n
            \n
            \"\"
            B\u1ea3ng. 6.1\u2002Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
            \n
            \"\"
            B\u1ea3ng 6.2\u2002Ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cho l\u1ed1p xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
            \n
            \"\"
            B\u1ea3ng. 6.3\u2002Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb pound (lbs) v\u00e0 psi sang \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb SI<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
              \n
            • Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng DOT (DOT l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Giao th\u00f4ng V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i Hoa K\u1ef3 – Department of Transportation) cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p xe. B\u1ed1n ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 tu\u1ea7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 0709, l\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o tu\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 7 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2009. C\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng DOT l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p xe, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed1p xe v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p xe c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              Chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ed1p xe cho xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong [12]<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              L\u1ed1p xe r\u00e3nh l\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

              C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o r\u00e3nh, theo [12], ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o r\u00e3nh. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o r\u00e3nh, khi l\u1ed1p b\u1ecb m\u00f2n, cao su gi\u1eefa \u0111ai th\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf gai l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e2u th\u00eam (m\u00f2n) gai l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cao su tr\u00ean \u0111ai th\u00e9p b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111i do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o r\u00e3nh. Sau khi t\u1ea1o r\u00e3nh, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u s\u1ee3i b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi r\u00e3nh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gai l\u1ed1p d\u00e0y \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 3\/32 inch (h\u01a1n 2 mm). Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o r\u00e3nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o r\u00e3nh c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 ch\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng sang l\u1ed1p b\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o r\u00e3nh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o r\u00e3nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00c1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

              \u00c1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong l\u1ed1p xe \u0111ang mang xe. V\u00ec \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c chia cho di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (l\u1ef1c) c\u1ee7a xe v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi cho \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong l\u1ed1p xe. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe 40 t\u1ea5n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean 12 b\u00e1nh xe v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 0,06 m2, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t cho \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p xe:<\/p>\n\n\n

              \n
              \"\"
              Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 6.1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

              \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u1ed1p xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xe. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a cao su v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              N\u1ebfu \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed cho c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea5p khi\u1ebfn l\u1ed1p xe b\u1ecb u\u1ed1n cong nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n; \u0111\u1ed9 u\u1ed1n cong t\u0103ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u0103n cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0i m\u00f2n t\u0103ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 u\u1ed1n cong t\u0103ng. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: n\u1ebfu \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c,
              l\u1ed1p xe s\u1ebd m\u00f2n ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh an to\u00e0n: nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ed5 l\u1ed1p s\u1ebd \u00edt h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed9 u\u1ed1n cong t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi l\u1ed1p non h\u01a1i s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t. L\u1ed1p non h\u01a1i s\u1ebd n\u00f3ng l\u00ean d\u1eef d\u1ed9i h\u01a1n. T\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn l\u1ed1p n\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed5 tung. L\u1ed1p n\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i. Vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf l\u1ed1p b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, t\u00e0i x\u1ebf v\u00e0 xe m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c giao h\u00e0ng tr\u1ec5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              V\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p xe theo \u0111\u00fang \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00e0i x\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p sau khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1m x\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u01a1m h\u01a1i l\u1ed1p xe ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho xe t\u1ea3i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p khi l\u1ed1p xe ngu\u1ed9i, v\u00ec th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p xe v\u1ec1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho l\u1ed1p xe l\u1ea1nh. T\u00e0i x\u1ebf v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1m x\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng mang theo l\u1ed1p xe \u1ea5m do l\u00e1i xe. Khi ki\u1ec3m tra \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m x\u0103ng, l\u1ed1p xe c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb non h\u01a1i. Nhi\u1ec1u xe t\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u1ed1ng b\u01a1m h\u01a1i l\u1ed1p trong b\u1ed9 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 tr\u00ean xe. V\u1edbi \u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, t\u00e0i x\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01a1m h\u01a1i cho l\u1ed1p xe. T\u00e0i x\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf sau khi b\u01a1m h\u01a1i. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p xe thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean xe. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p xe trong khi l\u00e1i xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng – Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

              V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p \u0111o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (TPMS = Tire Pressure Monitoring System), \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. M\u1ed7i l\u1ed1p xe c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn b\u00e1nh xe cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0103ng-ten truy\u1ec1n, logic v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn gia t\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0o l\u1ed1p. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e1n ch\u00fang t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong v\u00e0o l\u1ed1p (b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a gai l\u1ed1p), v\u1eb7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0o van \u1edf b\u00ean trong v\u00e0nh b\u00e1nh xe ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u00e2y \u0111ai gi\u1eef, ch\u1ea1y quanh chu vi v\u00e0nh b\u00e1nh xe, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0nh. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u01b0u h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0o cao su l\u1ed1p \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1ed1p v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111ai \u1ed1c b\u00e1nh xe gi\u1eef b\u00e1nh xe. V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i b\u01a1m h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p, truy\u1ec1n \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn. Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe quay c\u00f9ng b\u00e1nh xe. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe \u0111o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ID \u0111\u1ebfn \u0103ng-ten tr\u00ean xe. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a xe ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe c\u00f3 pin l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m pin n\u00e0y, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea3i khi xe d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i; kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p ho\u1eb7c truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn khi xe d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn gia t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a xe v\u00e0 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn khi xe \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u1ed1p xe \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

              \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe l\u1ed1p n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9a qu\u00e1 \u00edt kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e1n ID \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o, cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ed1p kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, vi\u1ec7c g\u00e1n ID thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ed1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng khi l\u1eafp l\u1ed1p. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u<\/strong>
              M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c g\u00e1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ed1p xe nh\u01b0 sau: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0103ng-ten \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed tr\u00ean xe. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0103ng-ten \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn b\u00e1nh xe, tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0103ng-ten kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, logic c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn b\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0o tr\u00ean xe. Xe c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u1ed1p xe th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0103ng-ten \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00e0nh b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 quay 180\u00b0 v\u1edbi nhau. N\u1ebfu v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh so v\u1edbi v\u00e0nh b\u00e1nh xe (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eafp thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe tr\u00ean van), c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng quay kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn b\u00e1nh xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng quay th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e9p \u0111o gia t\u1ed1c hai chi\u1ec1u, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1ed1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb hai b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i cho \u0111\u00fang l\u1ed1p trong t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u quay b\u00e1nh xe<\/strong>
              M\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u00e1nh xe t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u1eabu quay. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn gia t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe, m\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u khi b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u00e3 quay h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phanh c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng quay c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ABS. V\u00ec m\u1ed7i b\u00e1nh xe quay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh th\u00f4ng tin v\u00f2ng quay t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phanh, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0o. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa hai l\u1ed1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p l\u1ed1p \u0111\u00f4i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin h\u01b0\u1edbng quay t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1nh xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


              Commercial Vehicle Technology – Chassis and Axles<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n\n\n\n

              1<\/strong><\/sup> Chassis<\/strong> – T\u1eeb khung g\u1ea7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khung, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              2<\/strong> <\/sup>CAD<\/strong> – l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Computer Aided Design. H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3<\/strong><\/sup> Three-wheeler<\/strong> – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho xe ba b\u00e1nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef tricycle ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ebb em s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4<\/strong><\/sup> Vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i \u1edf tr\u1ee5c sau th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho xe n\u00e2ng, m\u00e1y x\u00fac l\u1eadt, v.v., v\u00ec v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 c\u00e0ng n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea7u x\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i tr\u1ee5c sau thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ECE-R 79 [2] (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              5<\/strong> <\/sup>Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t nhanh, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e1i v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              6<\/strong> <\/sup>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 3.2, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c cho cos \u03b4a<\/sub> v\u00e0 cos \u03b4i<\/sub> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 cot = cos\/sin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              7<\/strong> <\/sup>Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xe t\u1ea3i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh d\u1ecdc ph\u00eda sau\u2014xem H\u00ecnh 1.5. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 xe t\u1ea3i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi l\u1eafp \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ngang, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c khu\u1ef7u ch\u1ea1y song song v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              8<\/strong> <\/sup>Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u0103n c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh xe kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau khi v\u00e0o cua m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat khi \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec chu vi b\u00e1nh xe, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m c\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ed1p c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [1] <\/strong>ECE-R 93 Regulation No. 93. Uniform provisions concerning the approval of: I. front under- run protective devices II. vehicles with regard to the installation of a front underrun protective device of an approved type III. vehicles with regard to their front underrun protection (2010)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [2]<\/strong> ECE-R 79 agreement on the adoption of uniform regulations for wheeled vehicles, equipmentand parts that can be installed and\/or used in wheeled vehicles, and \u2026 Regulation No. 79, Revision 2, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to steering equipment (2016)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [3]<\/strong> Hesse, K.H., Becher, H.O., Sieber, A.: Fahrwerkregelung in Nutzfahrzeugen. Nutzfahrzeuge, Mannheim, June 1997. VDI Rep. 1341, 203-223 (1997)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [4]<\/strong><\/strong> Kaiserliches Patentamt (Imperial Patent Office) Berlin: Patentschrift No 37435, Fahrzeug mit Gasmotorenbetrieb (1886). Granted to Benz & Co in Mannheim<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [5]<\/strong> Dudzinski, P.: Lenksysteme f\u00fcr Nutzfahrzeuge. Springer, Berlin (2005)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [6]<\/strong> Degerman, P., Anund, O.A.: Friction estimation using self-aligning torque for heavy trucks. Chassis.tech, 2nd International Munich Chassis Symposium, Munich, Germany, June 7 and 8, 2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [7] <\/strong>Nissan Center Europe GmbH: Nissan Atleon. Product brochure\u2014status September, 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [8] <\/strong>Gaedke, A., et al.: Driver assistance for trucks\u2014from lane keeping assistance to smart truck maneuvering. Chassis.tech, 6th International Munich Chassis Symposium. Springer Vieweg, Berlin Heidelberg New York (2015). Proceedings published by Pfeffer P.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [9]<\/strong> Hilgers, M.: Entire vehicle. Commercial Vehicle Technology. Springer, Berlin (2021)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [10]<\/strong> Hilgers, M.: Transmissions and Drivetrain Design, second edition. Commercial Vehicle Technology. Springer, Berlin (2023)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [11]<\/strong> Bundesverband G\u00fcterkraftverkehr Logistik und Entsorgung (BGL) e. V.: Kostenentwicklung im G\u00fcterkraftverkehr \u2013 Einsatz im Fernbereich \u2013 von Januar 2007 bis Januar 2008 (2008)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [12]<\/strong> ECE Regulation No. 54: Uniform provisions concerning the approval of pneumatic tires for commercial vehicles and their trailers (2003)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [13]<\/strong> Continental: Lkw-Reifen: Die technischen Grundlagen (2006). Printout – download on the Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [14]<\/strong> Unspec.: Das zweite Gesicht. Lastauto Omnibus 4, 34 (2011). Articles on the retreading of truck tires<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [15]<\/strong> ADAC TruckService: Pannenstatistik: Die h\u00e4ufigsten Ursachen von LKW-Pannen (2013). Publications of the ADAC (2008\u20132013)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [16]<\/strong> Frick, P.: MAN HydroDrive\u2014Serienerfahrungen. Getriebe in Fahrz. 2006. VDI Rep., 1943, 967-980 (2006)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [17]<\/strong> Hintereder, J et al.: Entwicklung einer disruptiven Leichtbausattelzugmaschine. ATZ Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift, Jubil\u00e4umsausgabe, 104-111 (2018)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [18]<\/strong> Daimler Truck: Pioneer and frontrunner in electric trucks:\u2026 the European premiere of FUSOs Next Generation eCanter at IAA\u2026 (2022). Press release<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [19]<\/strong> Transport \u2013 Das Magazin f\u00fcr die mobile Wirtschaft, 1\/2015, 12-16, Bodenst\u00e4ndig, die Anfahrhilfe Hydraulic Auxiliary Drive (HAD)\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 khung xe Khung g\u1ea7m Chassis (1) l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xe. Theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, khung g\u1ea7m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a xe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xe c\u1ed9, khung g\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 khung (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3) ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1242,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[390],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1209","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-fleet-performance"},"yoast_head":"\nKhung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Khung g\u1ea7m (Chassis (*)) l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xe. Theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, khung g\u1ea7m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a xe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xe\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Khung g\u1ea7m (Chassis (*)) l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xe. Theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, khung g\u1ea7m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a xe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xe\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Nh\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec3m H\u1ed3nq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"nhat.iem.honq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"nhat.iem.honq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-02-20T02:08:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-20T02:08:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Chassis-Trailer-Pro-Haul-38ft-46401226.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Nhat Diem Honq\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Nhat Diem Honq\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecdc\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"126 ph\u00fat\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Nhat Diem Honq\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7d902c5c778203aead3e87eb3d4d9b0a\"},\"headline\":\"Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-02-20T02:08:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-20T02:08:04+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":31047,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7d902c5c778203aead3e87eb3d4d9b0a\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Chassis-Trailer-Pro-Haul-38ft-46401226.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Fleet performance\"],\"inLanguage\":\"vi\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/\",\"name\":\"Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Chassis-Trailer-Pro-Haul-38ft-46401226.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-02-20T02:08:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-20T02:08:04+00:00\",\"description\":\"Khung g\u1ea7m (Chassis (*)) l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xe. Theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, khung g\u1ea7m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a xe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xe\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"vi\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"vi\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Chassis-Trailer-Pro-Haul-38ft-46401226.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Chassis-Trailer-Pro-Haul-38ft-46401226.jpg\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"Khung g\u1ea7m . h\u00ecnh d2uhsaoc6ysewq.cloudfront.net\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Trang ch\u1ee7\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/\",\"name\":\"Nh\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec3m H\u1ed3nq\",\"description\":\"Tire & Fleet Management Insights\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7d902c5c778203aead3e87eb3d4d9b0a\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"vi\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7d902c5c778203aead3e87eb3d4d9b0a\",\"name\":\"Nhat Diem Honq\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"vi\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/hoang-thao-nhat-diem-hong.jpg\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/hoang-thao-nhat-diem-hong.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/hoang-thao-nhat-diem-hong.jpg\",\"width\":500,\"height\":500,\"caption\":\"Nhat Diem Honq\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/hoang-thao-nhat-diem-hong.jpg\"},\"description\":\"Commercial Tire & Fleet Specialist Specialized in lifecycle optimization, performance analytics, and strategic cost control. Driving measurable improvements in fleet efficiency.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\",\"nhat.iem.honq\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/channel\\\/UCkM5oW7iOaZW00TaoNU2mjA\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhatdiemhong.blog\\\/vi\\\/author\\\/nhat-diem-honq\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i","description":"Khung g\u1ea7m (Chassis (*)) l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xe. Theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, khung g\u1ea7m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a xe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xe","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/","og_locale":"vi_VN","og_type":"article","og_title":"Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i","og_description":"Khung g\u1ea7m (Chassis (*)) l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xe. Theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, khung g\u1ea7m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a xe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xe","og_url":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/","og_site_name":"Nh\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec3m H\u1ed3nq","article_publisher":"nhat.iem.honq","article_author":"nhat.iem.honq","article_published_time":"2026-02-20T02:08:03+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-02-20T02:08:04+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1600,"height":1200,"url":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Chassis-Trailer-Pro-Haul-38ft-46401226.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Nhat Diem Honq","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi":"Nhat Diem Honq","\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecdc":"126 ph\u00fat"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/"},"author":{"name":"Nhat Diem Honq","@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/#\/schema\/person\/7d902c5c778203aead3e87eb3d4d9b0a"},"headline":"Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i","datePublished":"2026-02-20T02:08:03+00:00","dateModified":"2026-02-20T02:08:04+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/"},"wordCount":31047,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/#\/schema\/person\/7d902c5c778203aead3e87eb3d4d9b0a"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Chassis-Trailer-Pro-Haul-38ft-46401226.jpg","articleSection":["Fleet performance"],"inLanguage":"vi","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/","url":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/","name":"Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Chassis-Trailer-Pro-Haul-38ft-46401226.jpg","datePublished":"2026-02-20T02:08:03+00:00","dateModified":"2026-02-20T02:08:04+00:00","description":"Khung g\u1ea7m (Chassis (*)) l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xe. Theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, khung g\u1ea7m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a xe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xe","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"vi","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"vi","@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Chassis-Trailer-Pro-Haul-38ft-46401226.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Chassis-Trailer-Pro-Haul-38ft-46401226.jpg","width":1600,"height":1200,"caption":"Khung g\u1ea7m . h\u00ecnh d2uhsaoc6ysewq.cloudfront.net\/"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/khung-gam-va-khung-xe\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Trang ch\u1ee7","item":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Khung g\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/#website","url":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/","name":"Nh\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec3m H\u1ed3nq","description":"Tire & Fleet Management Insights","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/#\/schema\/person\/7d902c5c778203aead3e87eb3d4d9b0a"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"vi"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/#\/schema\/person\/7d902c5c778203aead3e87eb3d4d9b0a","name":"Nhat Diem Honq","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"vi","@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hoang-thao-nhat-diem-hong.jpg","url":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hoang-thao-nhat-diem-hong.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hoang-thao-nhat-diem-hong.jpg","width":500,"height":500,"caption":"Nhat Diem Honq"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/hoang-thao-nhat-diem-hong.jpg"},"description":"Commercial Tire & Fleet Specialist Specialized in lifecycle optimization, performance analytics, and strategic cost control. Driving measurable improvements in fleet efficiency.","sameAs":["https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog","nhat.iem.honq","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCkM5oW7iOaZW00TaoNU2mjA"],"url":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/author\/nhat-diem-honq\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1209","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1209"}],"version-history":[{"count":82,"href":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1209\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2982,"href":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1209\/revisions\/2982"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1242"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1209"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1209"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhatdiemhong.blog\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1209"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}